Commodity hazard

The easiest way to document the selection process is to prepare a table of the materials involved and the required extinguishing methods. Tables 3 and 4 provide examples of documentation that is prepared in the industry. Fire Risk Hazardous Zone drawings are prepared using published literature on commodity hazards and extinguishing methods (Ref. NFPA 325M). 

This chapter will present the characteristics that determine the overall commodity hazard which is the first step in understanding and limiting the risk. In the chapters that follow, strategies for limiting the risk to employees, the surrounding population, the environment, and property will be presented. 

Eriksson, E., H. Andersen, and A. Ledin. 2008. Substance flow analysis of parabens in denmark complemented with a survey of presence and frequency in various commodities. /. Hazard. Mater. 156 240-259. 

Based on the evidence that acceptable recycled petroleum products can be produced, there is a considerable legislative record encouraging the recycling of used oil. Starting with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1976 (20), used oil was held apart from the normal hazardous waste system because the oil was viewed as a valuable commodity. This was followed by the Used Oil Recycling Act in 1980 (33), which removed any federal requirement that lubricants containing re-refined base oil carry special labeling. 

In general, DOT safety regulations fall into two categories. The first pertains to qualifications and hours of service of carrier employees and the safety of transport operations and equipment. The second, of special concern to the chemical industry, pertains to the transportation of hazardous materials and related commodities. 

ORM-D—A material such as a consumer commodity which, though otherwise subject to the regulations of this subchapter, presents a limited hazard during transportation due to its form, quantity and packaging. They must be materials for which exceptions are provided in Sec. 172.101. A shipping description applicable to each ORM-D material or category of ORM-D materials is found in Sec. 172-101. (Sec. 173.500 (a)(4))... 

Precious metals reclamation Precious metals reclamation is the recycling and recovery of precious metals (i.e., gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium) from hazardous waste. Because U.S. EPA found that these materials will be handled protectively as valuable commodities with significant economic value, generators, transporters, and storers of such recyclable materials are subject to reduced requirements. 

Industrial furnaces are enclosed units that are integral parts of a manufacturing process and use thermal treatment to recover materials or energy from hazardous waste. These units may use hazardous waste as a fuel to heat raw materials to make a commodity (e.g., a cement kiln making cement) or the unit may recover materials from the actual hazardous waste (e.g., a lead smelter recovering lead values). The following 12 devices meet the definition of an industrial furnace12 ... 

General Hazards of Common Petroleum Commodities (Under typical process operations and conditions)... 

To summarize, an increasingly constricted industry is an engine for the expansion of chemical commodity markets and the invention of new arenas for the consumption of chemicals. It is in part the supply of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers that sets the conditions for chemical demand. Internalizing the costs associated with chemical risks, especially under these constrictive economic conditions, is essentially unthinkable. As such, the risks and hazards associated with the industry are largely shunted downwards along the commodity chain to other players, including applicator service providers. 

Because wholesale bans of this type will not occur, then another approach to achieving safety, at least for pollutants, might be suggested. Why not seek the goal of no detectable chemicals in the media of human exposure If automobiles emit various nitrogen oxides, simply ensure that emission rates are sufficiently low so that these noxious chemicals cannot be found in air. If PCBs are migrating from a hazardous waste site, impose limits on that migration so that no detectable PCBs are found in the off-site environment. Control afla-toxin contamination of raw food commodities to ensure none can be found in finished foods. Why not apply this approach to all pollutants (it obviously is not applicable to products) ... 

EDC is a much less nasty commodity. It need not be shipped in a pressurized vessel, but it is classified as a hazardous material and must be kept in a closed system. 

The economic framework conditions for hazardous substance substitution have thus also changed considerably in the course of the past twenty years. Many commodities are produced today in globally organised supply chains the origin, quality and application conditions of process chemicals and product components is complex. Developing appropriate management systems for product quality and product safety requires considerable organisational innovation by the companies involved. 

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