Commercialization of specialty-use

Factors Affecting Commercialization of Specialty-Use Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals... 

Most higher alcohols of commercial importance are primary alcohols secondary alcohols have more limited specialty uses. Detergent range alcohols are apt to be straight chain materials and are made either from natural fats and oils or by petrochemical processes. The plasticizer range alcohols are more likely to be branched chain materials and are made primarily by petrochemical processes. Whereas alcohols made from natural fats and oils are always linear, some petrochemical processes produce linear alcohols and others do not. Industrial manufacturing processes are discussed in Synthetic processes. 

Cyanide Wastes. Ozone is employed as a selective oxidant in laboratory-scale synthesis (7) and in commercial-scale production of specialty organic chemicals and intermediates such as fragrances, perfumes (qv), flavors, antibiotics (qv), hormones (qv), and vitamins (qv). In Japan, several metric tons per day (t/d) of piperonal [120-57-0] (3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde) is manufactured in 87% yield via ozonolysis and reduction of isosafrole [93-16-3], Piperonal (or heHotropine [120-57-0]) has a pleasant odor and is used in perfumery. Oleic acid [112-80-1/, CH3(CH2 )7CH—CH(CH2 ). C02H, from tall oil (qv) is ozonated on a t/d scale to produce pelargonic, GgH2yG02H, and azelaic, H02G(GH2)yG02H, acids. Oleic acid also is ozonated in Japan... 

Although the volume of commercial pyridine compounds is relatively large, economic aspects resemble those of specialty markets more than those of commodities. Commercial transactions occur withHtde pubHcity, trade secrets are carefully guarded, and patents proliferate, thus obscuring the industrial processes used for their manufacture. 

The fatty acids obtained from the process can be used directly or further manipulated for improved or modified performance and stabiUty. Hardening is an operation in which some fraction of the unsaturated bonds present in the fatty acids are eliminated through hydrogenation or the addition of H2 across a carbon—carbon double bond. This process was initially intended to improve the odor and color stabiUty of fatty acids through elimination of the polyunsaturated species. However, with the growth in the use of specialty fatty acids, hydrogenation is a commercially important process to modify the physical properties of the fatty acids. 

One of the butadiene dimeri2ation products, COD, is commercially manufactured and used as an intermediate in a process called FEAST to produce linear a,C0-dienes (153). COD or cyclooctene [931-87-3], obtained from partial hydrogenation, is metathesi2ed with ethylene to produce 1,5-hexadiene [592-42-7] or 1,9-decadiene [1647-16-1], respectively. Many variations to make other diolefins have been demonstrated. Huls AG also metathesi2ed cyclooctene with itself to produce an elastomer useful in mbber blending (154). The cycHc cis,trans,trans-tn.en.e described above can be hydrogenated and oxidi2ed to manufacture dodecanedioic acid [693-23-2]. The product was used in the past for the production of the specialty nylon-6,12, Qiana (155,156). 

Vapor—sohd reactions (13—17) are also commonly used ia the synthesis of specialty ceramic powders. Carbothermic reduction of oxides, ia which carbon (qv) black mixed with the appropriate reactant oxide is heated ia nitrogen or an iaert atmosphere, is a popular means of produciag commercial SiC, Si N, aluminum nitride [24304-00-3], AIN, and sialon, ie, siUcon aluminum oxynitride, powders. 

MIBK is a valuable industrial solvent used primarily in the paint and coating industry and in metallurgical extraction processes. It is also used as a precursor in the production of specialty chemicals such as pesticides, rubber anti-oxidants as well as antibiotics and pharmaceuticals (1). Historically, MIBK has been produced commercially from acetone and hydrogen feedstock in three stages. First, acetone is dimerized to produce diacetone alcohol (DAA). Second, DAA is dehydrated to produce MO and water. Finally, the carbon-carbon double bond of MO is selectively hydrogenated to produce MIBK. These consecutive reactions are outlined in equations (1-3). 

AET industrial experience and know how leads the production of a number of specialty enzymes for use in specific biotechnological applications. In addition, the company has the potential to interface between industrial and academic outcomes to facilitate the commercial implementation. 

Polymer modifications represent a valuable synthetic approach to unique polymer compositions, structure, and properties not readily available by the direct polymerization of monomers. Modified polymeric products already exist in the commercial world (modified celluloses, for example) so the approach is not new. However, it is an interesting and challenging opportunity to develop new materials for a variety of specialty applications using the "chemistry on polymers" approach. 

A number of specialty companies have and are continuing to develop adsorbents to collect organic molecules from air samples. Industrial chemicals resulting, from syntheses or used in production processes, pesticides and emissions from exhaust towers are monitored routinely with commercially available adsorbents. Personnel monitoring can be accomplished without a pump using a system composed of a porous membrane through which air diffuses and compounds of interest are collected by an adsorbent. 

In my view, the pathogens most likely to reach commercial or practical use, hence the most noteworthy, are those that are (1) candidates against weeds of economic importance on a very large scale (economically attractive weeds), (2) pathogens that may be amenable for development as broad-spectrum mycoherbicides, (3) mycoherbicides for low-input technology, and (4) mycoherbicides for specialty or niche markets ... 

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