Sugar, commercial

In contrast, oral administration of a willow bark extract showed a low bioavailability of salicin (98). After ingestion of commercial sugar-coated tablets containing willow bark extract corresponding to a total amount of 54.9mg (0.192mmol) salicin, the serum of 12 volunteers showed a peak concentration of only 0.13 pg/mL salicylic acid this is only 5% of the serum... 

Being less sweet than other commercial sugars makes lactose useful in processing many foods. It may be added to increase osmotic pressure or viscosity or to improve texture without making the product too... 

The visual appearance of a commercial sugar product has long been used as an index of the impurities contained. Despite a general advancement in instrumentation, determination of the perceptual color is still frequently the primary control in the manufacture of white or near-colorless sugar products. This situation is shared by cane-sugar refineries and beet-sugar factories a similar state of affairs exists in the production... 

In any optical evaluation of commercial sugars, the spectrophotomet-ric data in the visual spectrum are the primary ones, since all other results... 

Another parameter to be considered in scattering is the ratio of the refractive index of the suspended particles to that of the medium. When the two refractive indices are equal, suspensions of particles exhibiting no scattering are possible. In commercial sugar solutions, the ratio of refractive indices may be of the order of magnitude of 1.1. This value is considerably lower than that encountered in aerosol experiments,26 and is typical of many turbidity problems in solutions.27... 

The practical value of the attenuation index is evident from the above considerations. Because of the linear dependence, any transmittancy data on commercial sugar liquors can now be reported as attenuation indices at some reference concentration. This need not be the concentration actually used in making the measurement. It appears that either a or a can be used for this purpose. 

Values of n have also been calculated for the sugar liquors reported by Peters and Phelps,3 who used an intensive filtration through a pad of purified asbestos. These values ranged from 5.4 to 8.5. About two thirds lay between 5.5 and 6.5. Therefore, it appears to be possible to express the wave-length dependency (of all types of commercial sugar) in the visible spectrum by a two-factor representation. The two factors may be the... 

The problem of evaluating the color of a commercial sugar product must first be defined in recognized colorimetric terms. Colorimetry is a... 

It is important to appreciate that the colorants in products other than commercial sugars have been successfully defined by the new colorimetric techniques. Application to vegetable oils was made by McNicholas,36 who showed existence of a spread of the chromaticity points over an appreciable area instead of along a single line, but there was a sufficient degree of correlation for the method to be useful. The grading of lubricating oils has also been successfully performed, as shown by a study by Judd, Plaza and Belknap.39... 

Such plant pigments as tannins, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavones, extracted from the plants along with the sugar, may be present, but ordinarily are not found in readily detectable quantities in commercial sugar products. 

Index Entries Biosurfactant Bacillus subtilis lipopeptide surfactin raw materials commercial sugar. 

The initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0. All chemicals were of analytical grade. The carbon sources (commercial sugar-sucrose, sugarcane juice and molasses, sugarcane juice alcohol stillage, glycerol, mannitol, soybean oil) were added in order to establish an initial substrate concentration of 20 g/L. In some cases, the medium was also aseptically supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract and 0.001% (w/v) Na EDTA previously and separately sterilized by filtration through a Millipore membrane with a pore size of 0.22 pm. 

Fig. 1. E24 for surface-active compounds produced by B. subtilis ATCC 6633 in different substrates. G, glucose CS, commercial sugar SJ, sugarcane juice SM, sugarcane molasses S, sugarcane juice alcohol stillage Gl, glycerol Ma, mannitol SO, soybean oil.

Fig. 2. Surface tension ( ) and E24 ( ) of B. subtilis ATCC 6633 fermented broth at various initial pH values, (20 g/L of commercial sugar, 0.03 g/L of initial cell concentration, 30°C, 200 rpm, 48 h).

Analysis of the results obtained so far shows that substrate concentrations of 10,20, and 40 g/L were quite adequate to produce biosurfactant by B. subtilis ATCC 6633, although the maximum concentration of the product was observed for 10 g/L of commercial sugar. Therefore, it should be concluded that the carbon/nitrogen relation in the range of 6.4-25.6 g/g had no affect on the biosurfactant synthesis. 

Figure 5 shows some data referring to the ability of biosurfactant to emulsify kerosene produced by B. subtilis ATCC 6633 at the different substrate concentrations tested (5, 10, 20, and 40 g/L). Besides a decrease in surface tension, stabilization of hydrocarbon/water is frequently used as an indicator of surface activity. Note, however, that the quantity of biosurfactant produced should not be related to the E24 because that is an intrinsic property of the molecule. A similar behavior of the emulsifying activity in relation to the carbon source concentration and to the incubation period has been observed. The diverse initial concentrations of commercial sugar studied favor the formation of a surface-active compound, with an emulsifying activity >50% in a 48-h process. The maximum values for emulsion activity of 57.9 and 56.9% were determined for 10 and 20 g/L of substrate, respectively. It should be emphasized that there was a reduction in the E24 after a 96-h period of incubation. Carvalho et al. (36) reported similar results for cell-free fermented broth by Bacillus sp. emulsified in kerosene. 

Among the carbon sources tested, commercial sugar showed the best result for biosurfactant synthesis by B. subtilis ATCC 6633, reducing surface tension to 29.6 dyn/cm. 

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