Combined processing equipment

Minimize/avoid safety valves by careful review and combining process equipment/vessels for protection with common safety valve(s)... 

Chemical-Process Vessels. Explosion-bonded products are used in the manufacture of process equipment for the chemical, petrochemical, and petroleum industries where the corrosion resistance of an expensive metal is combined with the strength and economy of another metal. AppHcations include explosion cladding of titanium tubesheet to Monel, hot fabrication of an explosion clad to form an elbow for pipes in nuclear power plants, and explosion cladding titanium and steel for use in a vessel intended for terephthaHc acid manufacture. 

The combination of these characteristics utihzed in the various types of process equipment is indicated in Table 14-4. 

Rupture Disks A rupture disk is a device designed to function by the bursting of a pressure-retaining disk (Fig. 26-15). This assembly consists of a thin, circular membrane usually made of metal, plastic, or graphite that is firmly clamped in a disk holder. When the process reaches the bursting pressure of the disk, the disk ruptures and releases the pressure. Rupture disks can be installed alone or in combination with other types of devices. Once blown, rupture disks do not reseat thus, the entire contents of the upstream process equipment will be vented. Rupture disks are commonly used in series (upstream) with a relief valve to prevent corrosive fluids from contacting the metal parts of the valve. In addition, this combination is a reclosing system. 

Gaseous monomers may also be trapped within the processing equipment and accidents have occurred as a consequence of the resulting pressure buildup. In the case of the polyacetals and poly(vinyl chloride) it is reported that at elevated temperatures these materials form a more or less explosive combination so that it is important to separate these materials rigorously at the processing stage. 

Take the results for questions 4 and 5 and do a comparative cost analysis. First go the the Web and find suitable equipment suppliers that will provide the equipment in the size ranges you have calculated. Obtain some vendor quotes (rough ones will do). Then perform the fowllowing analysis (a) What are the comparative costs between the two oprions for energy use (b) What are the comparative costs between the two options in terms of maintanance and labor costs (c) Can you combine both equipment options into a single process, and if so, can you justify this and how Assume in the above that the reduction in solids concentration must meet the 1 % weirht criteria described in question 4. 

Human operator errors are not usually examined in a FMEA, but the effects of human error are indicated by the equipment failure mode. FMEAs rarely investigate damage or injury that could arise if the system or process operated successfully. Because FMEAs focus on single event failures, they are not efficient for identifying an exhaustive list of combinations of equipment failures iliat iead to accidents. 

Combined construction, process-related, and ventilation measures include air locks between two zones (Fig. 7A09f) and process equipment enclosures with air exhaust from the enclosures (Fig, 7.109g). 

In certain cases, more than one data point was available for a given data cell table in the CCPS Taxonomy. When several data points were considered appropriate and applicable to process equipment, the data were combined through a computer-aided aggregation process. The aggregation process is described in Section 5.2. 

The required values for these criteria will depend upon the reason the space is being ventilated. It may be for the benefit of people, processes, equipment, materials, livestock, horticulture, building preservation or any combination of these. CIBSE and ASHRAE". provide guidance on selection of these values. 

P-plastomers provide a unique combination of ease of processing, such that conventional thermoplastic-processing routines and arid equipment can be adapted to this polymer as weU as for a final fabricated product that is elastic. This combination of properties leads to the easy fabrication of elastic materials such as fibers and films, which traditionally have only been made inelastic by the use of thermoplastics. This advance opens the pathway to the introduction of desirable elastic properties to a host of fabrication processes very different from either the conventional rubber-processing equipment or the conventional rubber products, such as tires. P-plastomers and their fabricated products are not only soft, but also elastic. 

Approximate equipment sizing. There are many combinations of equipment units that meet the requirements concerning the functions of all equipment units and the time horizons for all products. Based on the Flatz (1980) concept, a simple procedure is presented to determine feasible equipment sizes that meet all requirements for plants operated in a single-product campaign mode (no process overlapping). The procedure is illustrated in Fig. 7.4-10. 

Material and Energy Balances in the Design of Industrial Reactors. The analysis of chemical reactors in terms of material and energy balances differs from the analysis of other process equipment in that one must take into account the rate at which molecular species are converted from one chemical form to another and the rate at which energy is transformed by the process. When combined with material and... 

The following brief discussion shows how combined models are being used to characterize flow in two broad classes of process equipment, stirred tanks and fluidized beds. Other types of mixed models have also been devised for various purposes by Bartok et al. (B3), Cholette and Cloutier (C16), Handles et al. (H3), Pansing (P3), and Singer et al. (S17). Eguchi (E2) presents and discusses some of the models used to date. 

Process Simplification VIP The process simplification VIP uses the value methodology and is a formal, rigorous process to search for opportunities to eliminate or combine process and utility system steps or equipment, ultimately resulting in the reduction of investment and operating costs. The focus is the reduction of installed costs and critical path schedule while balancing these value improvements with ejq)ected facility operability, flexibility, and over-alllife cycle costs. 

Relatively small marine vessel motions have a significant effect on the process equipment design. For example, three degrees of pitch can cause a forty percent Increase in gas velocity due to the spirit level effect, combinations of pitch and heave can cause resonant waves, further reducing the dedicated phase areas and causing primary turbulence roll and sway motions, although of lesser conse quence, add to turbulent fluid conditions Inside the vessel. In addition all motion adversely affect level control and level safety systems. 

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