Combination with Other Dyes

For stretch cord and similar articles made of PA-CEL blends, metal-complex dyes that are resistant to reducing agents are added to dye the PA fibers, because only a few sulfur dyes stain PA sufficiently. Water-soluble sulfur dyes can be combined with selected reactive dyes. In this manner, more brilliant shades are obtained. 

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The principle of each process is briefly described ia the Hterature (170). Some anthraquiaoae dyes and pigments appear to be used ia combination with other dye or pigment classes such as phthalocyaniaes and carbazole violets, etc. Two examples described ia pateats are the red pigment and blue dye that foUow ... 

Auramine gives smoke of pure yellow, and is used alone or in combination with other dyes to obtain green or other coloured smokes. When it is used alone for yellow smoke, it looks somewhat weaker than realgar in yellovmess. 

Monoazo Pigments. In combination with other groups, the a2o linkage, —N=N—, imparts color to many dyes and pigments (see Azo Dyes). The simplest of these, ie, the Hansa yellows, toluidine reds, and naphthol reds, do not have the lightfastness and heat stabiUty required for plastics. Permanent YeUow FGL and Permanent Red 2B are stable enough for vinyls, polyethylene, polypropylene, and ceUulosics (11). Permanent Red 2B is available as the calcium, barium, or manganese salt. 

Red cabbage as a colorant source has been studied for many years. As of 1990 at least one firm has introduced San Red RC, the first commercially available food color derived from red cabbage. The color can be used alone or in combination with other colors to create strawberry, cherry, raspberry, and blueberry tones. By way of proprietary technology, the new dye is claimed to be free of flavor and odor defects, which in the past have been associated with red cabbage. The dye is pH dependent. The color tones move toward blue-red as the pH value increases. San Red RC ranks between cochineal and grape juice in percent or color retention. 

Tin is a metal which can combine with other chemicals to form compounds. When tin is combined with chemicals such as chlorine, sulfur, or oxygen, it is called an inorganic tin compound. Inorganic tin compounds are found in small amounts in the earth s crust. They are present in toothpaste, perfumes, soaps, coloring agents, and dyes. 

Disperse dyes of the azo and anthraquinone types, on the other hand, are used in hair tints. They also give annular color patterns, which are relatively durable because of the poor solubility of the dyes in aqueous systems. They can be combined with other classes of dyes. 

Uses Zinc (Zn) is one of the most common elements in the Earth s crust. Metal zinc was first produced in India and China during the Middle Ages. Industrially important compounds of zinc are zinc chloride (ZnCl2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc stearate (Zn (Ci6H3502)2), and zinc sulfide (sphalerite, ZnS). It is found in air, soil, and water, and is present in all foods. Pure zinc is a bluish-white shiny metal. Zinc has many commercial uses, as coatings to prevent rust, in dry cell batteries, and mixed with other metals to make alloys like brass and bronze. Zinc combines with other elements to form zinc compounds. Zinc compounds are widely used in industry to make paint, rubber, dye, wood preservatives, and ointments.109-112... 

Because the nascent oxygen is so quick to combine with other atoms or molecules, it combines almost instantly with the complex dye molecules in the cloth. In doing so, it changes the dyes to colorless compounds. That is why the cloth lost its color. 

There are also serious side effects to fabric physical properties from flame-retardant finishing that must be recognised, often caused by the high application levels of the flame retardants. Harsh hand, loss of tensile suength and colour effects (fabric yellowing and dye shade changes) are common problems with durable flame-retardant finishes for cotton. The combination with other finishes, such as softeners, easy-care and repellent finishes, must be carefully tested. The flame retardancy of the multi-purpose finish is more often reduced than it is acceptable. 

The soluble (sulphonated) indulines are dyed on cotton mordanted with tannin and tartar emetic a considerable amount of almn being added to the dye-bath. Wool may be dyed directly from an acid bath the induline generally being used in combination with other acid colours. Silk is dyed in a bath containing boiled-off liquor the shades being brightened by addition of sulphuric acid. 

On the other hand, liquid phase deposition (LPD) has been demonstrated as a flexible wet chemical method for preparing metal oxide nanostructured films on electrode surfaces. By the LPD process, electroactive titanium dioxide (Ti02) films were prepared on graphite, glassy carbon and ITO. The electrochemical properties of such LPD Ti02 films were dependent upon the film thickness controlled by the deposition time. The LPD technique was easily combined with other techniques, e.g., seed-mediated growth, which could provide metal/metal oxide composite nanomaterials. Moreover, hybrid nanostructured films were facilely obtained by doping dyes, surfactants and other... 

The choice of Pgp inhibitor is not without importance. When measuring fluorescence one always has to be aware of direct interactions with fluorescence of the dye not related to the Pgp function. This can be checked in Pgp-nega-tive cell lines and AML samples. In addition, effects on other transporters than Pgp may theoretically occur, which are unwanted if one intends to have a Pgp-specific method. On the other hand, if one wishes to determine the effect of a certain drug on the cellular accumulation of a probe, whether or not related to one specific transporter, this is not an unwanted side-effect. For instance, Pgp modulators such as verapamil or cyclosporin A may be less Pgp-specific in combination with certain dyes. (For an extensive discussion of this matter see ref. 4.)... 

The papermaker of today uses a wide variety of organic polymers to do such things as improve fibre and fines retention, to aid filler retention, or to aid the retention of papermaking dyes. Thus in the example given above the use of a positively charged or cationic organic polymer could be used in place of alum. Anionic polymers are also used in combination with other polymers. 

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