Com borer

Rya.nia., The root and stem of the plant yania speciosa family Flacourtiaceae, native to South America, contain from 0.16—0.2% of iasecticidal components, the most important of which is the alkaloid ryanodine [15662-33-9] C25H250 N (8) (mp 219—220°C). This compound is effective as both a contact and a stomach poison. Ryanodine is soluble ia water, methyl alcohol, and most organic solvents but not ia petroleum oils. It is more stable to the action of air and light than pyrethmm or rotenone and has considerable residual action. Ryania has an oral LD q to the rat of 750 mg/kg. The material has shown considerable promise ia the control of the European com borer and codling moth and is used as a wettable powder of ground stems or as a methanohc extract. Ryanodine uncouples the ATP—ADP actomyosia cycle of striated muscle. 

Beauveria bassiana Fungi European com borer (China)... 

Fungi are broadly associated microbial pathogens of insects. Beauveria bassiana is extensively used as a microbial insecticide in China and Eastern Europe, especially for the control of the com borer Ostrinia spp. However, fungi have had no significant development as microbial insecticides in the United States. 

Tolerance to the herbicide sulfonylurea Tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate Resistance to European com borer Resistance to European com borer... 

Chlorpyrifos inhibits substrate-borne reception and emission of sex pheromone in Tri-chogramma brassicae, an entomophagus insect massively used as a biological control agent of com borers, among survivors of an LC20 dose. Inhibition was probably due to nervous system effects and was not specific to pheromone communication (Delpuech et al. 1998). 

Magg T, Melchinger AE, Klein D, Bohn M (2002) Relationship between European com borer resistance and concentration of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. in grains of transgenic Bt maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, and commercial varieties. Plant Breed 121 146-154 Maheshwari N, Rajyalakshmi K, Baweja K, Dhir SK, Chowdhry CN, Maheshwari SC (1995) In vitro culture of wheat and genetic transformation - retrospect and prospect. Plant Sci 14 49-178... 

Orr, D. B. and Landis, D. L. (1997). Oviposition of European com borer (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and impact of natural enemy populations in transgenic versus isogenic corn. Journal of Economic Entomology 90 905-909. 

A second and perhaps more common possibility is suggested by the occasional attraction of male moths to compounds very closely related to actual constituents of a pheromone. For example, in wind tunnel trials, about 5% of the males of the strain of the European com borer (O. nubilalis) that uses (Z)- and ( )-l 1-tetradecenyl acetate in a 97 3 ratio are attracted to a 2 1 mix of (Z)- and ( )-12-tetradecenyl acetates, which is the mix of the Asian com borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Roelofs et al, 2002). Such occasional mistakes also are found in many species when the attractancy of pheromone analogs are evaluated in the field small proportions of males are attracted to the wrong lures. The presumption is that there is a heritable basis for such deviance in at least some of these males. Again, these compounds could be recognized by forgiving receptors (Vickers et al., 1991 Baker,... 

Shu S. and Jones R. L. (1993) Evidence for a multicomponent sex pheromone in Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of the European com borer. J. Chem. Ecol. 19, 2563-2576. 

Z11,E14-16 CoA, which is then chain shortened to Z9,E12-14 CoA, or alternatively Z1 l-16 CoA is chain shortened to Z9-14 CoA and then a A12 desaturase produces Z9,E12-14 CoA. Both pathways are possibilities based on the previous identification of a A14 desaturase in the Asian com borer (Zhao et al., 1990) and a A12 desaturase in some other insects (de Renobales et al., 1987). To differentiate between the two possible pathways, D9-Zll-16 acid (Z 11-[13,13,14,14,15, 15,16,16,16-2H9]hexadecenoic acid and D2-Z9-14 acid (Z9-[13,14-2H2] tetradecenoic acid) were applied to the glands. The results indicate that D9-Z11-16 acid was chain shortened to Z9-14 acid but was not converted to Z9,E12-14 CoA. This indicates that chain shortening occurs and incorporation of D2-Z9-14 acid into Z9,E12-14 CoA indicates that a A12 desaturase is present. The D9-Zll-16 acid was not incorporated into Z9,E12-14 CoAbecause of an isotope effect. This labeled compound had nine deuteriums on the methyl end where the desaturase enzyme would act, preventing the introduction of a double bond. Combined together, the labeling studies with precursors and intermediates indicate... 

Klun J. A. and Maini S. (1982) Genetic basis of an insect communication system the European com borer. Environ. Entomol. 11, 1084—1090. 

Klun J. A., Schwarz M. and Uebel E. C. (1991) European com borer pheromonal catabolism and behavioral response to sex pheromone. J. Chem. Ecol. 17, 317-334. 

Willett C. S. and Harrison R. G. (1999a) Insights into genome differentiation pheromonebinding protein variation and population history in the European com borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Genetics 153, 1743-1751. 

Nagai T. (1983) On the relationship between the electroantennogram and simultaneously recorded single sensillum response of the European com borer, Ostrinia nubialis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 1, 85-91. 

Xue, B.Y., Rooney, A.P., Kajikawa, M., Okada, N., and Roelofs, W.L. (2007). Novel sex pheromone desaturases in the genomes of com borers generated through gene duplication and retroposon fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104,4467—4472. 

BARTELT, R.J., MIKOLAJCZAK, K.L., Toxicity of compounds derived from Limnanthes alba seed to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and European com borer (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) larvae., J. Econ. Entomol., 1989,82, 1054-1060. 

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