Color Environment

If Xe is somewhat larger, then there may arise an effective time scale Xr > Xe, with 5, < Xr sueh that the environment has some memory of the particle s previous history and therefore responds accordingly. This is the regime of the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) with colored friction. - In all these cases, the environment is sufficiently large that the particle is unable to affect the environment s equilibrium properties. Likewise, the environment is noninteracting with the rest of the universe such that its properties are independent of the absolute time. All of these systems, therefore, describe the dynamics of a stochastic particle in a stationary —albeit possibly colored— environment. 

Aaronson, B. S. "Hypnotic Induction of Colored Environments," Perceptual and Motor Skills 18, 30,1964b. 

Potera C. Smelling in color. Environ Health Persp 2001 109 A129-31. 

In general, textile fibers should be optically opaque so that their refractive indexes need to be significantly different from those of their most common environments, namely, air and water. Luster and color are two optical properties that relate to a fiber s aesthetic quatity and consumer acceptance. 

Oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidant. Most of its uses and those of its derivatives depend on this property. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds, ranging from iodide ions to the various color bodies of unknown stmcture in ceUulosic fibers. The rate of these reactions may be quite slow or so fast that the reaction occurs on a reactive shock wave. The mechanisms of these reactions are varied and dependent on the reductive substrate, the reaction environment, and catalysis. Specific reactions are discussed in a number of general and other references (4,5,32—35). 

Copper quinolinolate (oxine copper) is the chelate of divalent copper and 8-hydroxyquinoline and shares most of its market with copper naphthenate, which is a complex copper salt of mixed naphthenic acids. The principal uses are in wood treatments and some military textiles, where the green color is not objectionable. Copper naphthenate has an odor but is cheaper than oxine. Both copper naphthenate and 2inc naphthenate have performed well in environment tests, with exposure to soil above-ground, as well as concrete (33). 

The value of pigments results from their physical—optical properties. These ate primarily deterrniaed by the pigments physical characteristics (crystal stmcture, particle size and distribution, particle shape, agglomeration, etc) and chemical properties (chemical composition, purity, stabiUty, etc). The two most important physical—optical assets of pigments are the abiUty to color the environment in which they ate dispersed and to make it opaque. 

In determining the chemical resistance, color changes of pigmented binder surfaces are measured after their exposure to various chemicals, such as water—sulfur dioxide or water—sodium chloride systems. These systems imitate the environment to which the colored articles could become exposed. 

Inks. The main components of the inks ate typically water, colorants, and humectants. Additives ate used to control drying time, waterfastness, lightfastness, and consistency of drop formation. Water is an excellent vehicle for ink jet because of its high surface tension and safety in all environments. 

Under mechanical and environmental stresses, composites are dimensionally stable. They maintain their shape and functionaHty, a critical requirement in such appHcations as dish antennas, constmction girders, and in appHance and business machines. Color and surface texture can often be molded into an FRP product for long lasting, low maintenance permanent surface appearance. Boats are a good example. The surface color is molded in and requires minimum maintenance, an advantage in saltwater environments. 

Cobalt as a Colorant in Ceramics, Glasses, and Paints. Cobalt(II) ion displays a variety of colors in soHd form or solution ranging from pinks and reds to blues or greens. It has been used for hundreds of years to impart color to glasses and ceramics (qv) or as a pigment in paints and inks (see CoLORANTS FOR CERAMICS). The pink or red colors are generally associated with cobalt(II) ion in an octahedral environment and the chromophore is typically Co—O. The tetrahedral cobalt ion, Co—chromophore, is sometimes green, but usually blue in color. 

In order to minimise the possible toxicity and damage to humans and the environment arising from the production and appHcations of colorants, an international association, the Ecological and Toxicological Association of the Dyestuff Manufacturing Industry (ETAD), was estabUshed in 1974. 

---