Cologne, 35. Also

The aerosol container has enjoyed commercial success ia a wide variety of product categories. Insecticide aerosols were iatroduced ia the late 1940s. Additional commodities, including shave foams, hair sprays, antiperspirants, deodorants, paints, spray starch, colognes, perfumes, whipped cream, and automotive products, followed ia the 1950s. Mediciaal metered-dose aerosol products have also been developed for use ia the treatment of asthma, migraine headaches, and angiaa. 

Emulsions of fatty- and petroleum-based substances, both oils and waxes, of the o/w type are made by using blends of sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives. Mixtures of poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monostearate (Polysorbate 60) and sorbitan monostearate are typical examples of blends used for lotions and creams. Both sorbitan fatty acid esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives are particularly advantageous in cosmetic uses because of their very low skin irritant properties. Sorbitan fatty ester emulsifiers for w/o emulsions of mineral oil are used in hair preparations of both the lotion and cream type. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monolaurate is useflil in shampoo formulations (see Hairpreparations). Poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan surfactants are also used for solubilization of essential oils in the preparation of colognes and after-shave lotions. 

Krauch was on the board of the Ford Motor Company of Germany so his "love of international co-operation" also embraced the Ford works at Cologne. He had testified ... 

C12H22O2, Mr 198.30, Z PlOl.SkPa 240 °C, d 0.8901, Wp 1.4515, occurs in many essential oils either as one of its optical isomers or as the racemate. The odor of racemic citronellyl acetate differs little from that of the optical isomers. ( )-Citronellyl acetate is a liquid with a fresh-fruity rose odor. It is often used as a fragrance, for example, for rose, lavender, and geranium notes as well as for eau de cologne with citrus nuances. Since it is relatively stable to alkali, it can be used in soaps and detergents. Citrus flavors acquire speciflc character through the addition of citronellyl acetate it is also used to round off other fruit flavors. 

Lemon oil is used in many food flavors. Because of its fresh odor, relatively large quantities are also employed in eau de cologne and other perfumery products. FCT 1974 (12) 725 [8008-56-8], [84929-31-7]. 

All three oils are used primarily in soap perfumes considerable quantities are also employed in eau de cologne and in bath products. FCT 1976 (14) p.447 [8022-15-9], [91722-69-9], [93455-96-0] abrial, [93455-97-1] grosso. 

Extraction of Simple Odors. —By Distillation.—This process is neoessary for the preparation of nearly all the essential or volatile oils, the fragrant waters, and mure particularly Cologne waters. The apparatus consists of a metallic still and ite appliances, for general purposes but in certain cases, such as the distillation of vinegars and other substances that might act upon metal, glass or stoneware retorts are the proper implements. Those latter, it should also be remembered, are better applicable for small and nice operations. 

Acknowledgements. The presented study was funded by Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). It is pleasure to thank FJBaier, Prof. A.Ebel from University of Cologne and Dr. A.Krivolutsky from Central Aerological Observatory of Moscow, for their comments and useful advises. Thanks are also due to Dr.I.Stajner of NASA s Data Assimilation Office for supplying of the GEOS ozone data. 

Perspiration often also has a pungent component. A similar odor is found as a component of neroli oil and, to a less extent, of oil of petitgrain. Both oils are common ingredients of citrus colognes, the former today in the form of synthetic replacements. These same oils, for similar reasons, are also effective in masking the characteristic odor of lanolin. 

Often the message is also culture dependent. The sweet powdery floral scent of Johnson Johnson s baby powder conveys the protected safety of infancy to Americans, while it may well convey mature femininity in countries with a different scent tradition in baby products. Lavender in colognes is quite acceptable in Latin countries but considered old-fashioned in Germany. 

Thomas Rothel is a Principal in the Cologne Office. He has also spent two years at McKinsey s Houston Office. He focuses his efforts very much on the chemical and utilities industries, being a member of both practices in Europe and leading the German energy sector. He works on strategic and operational issues and has extensive experience in the petrochemical industry. Thomas holds a PhD from the RWTH Aachen, where he worked on homogeneous catalysis. 

---