Colloid chemistry scope

Silicic Adds. The behavior of silicate ions in solution, the dependence of various properties on pn, the nature of silica sols and gels, and the study of hydrated silicas constitute chapters in inorganic and colloid chemistry that go far beyond the scope of this review. Germane to the present subject, however, are certain observations on the formation of monosilicic acid and its stepwise polymerization. 

The following fundamental aspects of the colloid chemistry of silica are briefly reviewed in this chapter nucleation, polymerization, and preparation stability of sols surface structure characterization methods sol-gel science gels and powders and uses of silica sols and powders. Silica in biology is not within the scope of this book. Scientists working in this area should soon put together a protocol covering progress done since the publication of Iler s book. 

This chapter constitutes a brief review of research carried out in the former Soviet Union on the colloid chemistry of silica. A comprehensive survey of this field would involve an analysis of several thousand publications by Soviet scientists and lies outside the scope of this review. The main trends of research in the former Soviet Union are discussed and illustrated with appropriate examples. 

Clearly, there are also numerous other areas which could be included in a chapter devoted to the application of surface and colloid chemistry in pharmacy, in particular relating to the surface properties of dry formulations, such as spray or freeze-dried powders, wettability of drug crystals, etc. Flowever, in order to harmonize with the scope of the volume as a whole, these aspects of surface chemistry in pharmacy will not be covered here. Furthermore, even with the restriction of covering only wet systems, the aim of the present chapter is to illustrate important and general effects, rather than to provide a complete coverage of this vast field. 

The Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry is unique in scope and the only work of its kind in the field of surface and colloid chemistry. There exist comprehensive and up-to-date books lean-... 

This book provides an introduction to the nature, occurrence, physical properties, propagation, and uses of surfactants in the petroleum industry. The primary focus is on applications of the principles of colloid and interface science to surfactant applications in the petroleum industry, and includes attention to practical processes and problems. Books available up to now are either principally theoretical (such as the colloid chemistry texts), much more general (like Rosen s Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, Myers Surfactant Science and Technology, or Mittal s Solution Chemistry of Surfactants), or else much narrower in scope (like Smith s Surfactant Based Mobility Control). The applications of surfactants in the petroleum industry area are quite diverse and have a great practical importance. The area contains a number of problems of more fundamental interest as well. Surfactants may be applied to advantage in many parts of the petroleum production process in reservoirs, in oilwells, in surface processing operations, and in environmental, health, and safety applications. In each case appropriate knowledge and practices determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. 

The discussion that follows is not by any means a summary of the theories that have appeared on colloidal chemistry up to present time. Such a comprehensive presentation would be entirely beyond the scope of this book. On the contrary the author, with due consideration of the work of other investigators, has endeavored to present a point of view that has been prompted by years of personal observation and thought, and which at the same time gives a simple and comprehensive explanation of the largest number of facts. For purposes of illustration constitution formulas have been made use of, such as the author has previously employed in his monograph, Zur Erkenntnis der Kolloide. ... 

Interface and colloid science has a very wide scope and depends on many branches of the physical sciences, including thermodynamics, kinetics, electrolyte and electrochemistry, and solid state chemistry. Throughout, this book explores one fundamental mechanism, the interaction of solutes with solid surfaces (adsorption and desorption). This interaction is characterized in terms of the chemical and physical properties of water, the solute, and the sorbent. Two basic processes in the reaction of solutes with natural surfaces are 1) the formation of coordinative bonds (surface complexation), and 2) hydrophobic adsorption, driven by the incompatibility of the nonpolar compounds with water (and not by the attraction of the compounds to the particulate surface). Both processes need to be understood to explain many processes in natural systems and to derive rate laws for geochemical processes. 

The paradoxical situation just described means that it is entirely possible for a science or an engineering student to have completed a course in physical chemistry and still not have any clear idea of what colloid and surface science are about. A book like this one is therefore in the curious position of being simultaneously advanced and introductory. Our discussions are often advanced in the sense of building on topics from physical chemistry. At the same time, we have to describe the phenomena under consideration pretty much from scratch since they are largely unfamiliar. In keeping with this, this chapter is concerned primarily with a broad description of the scope of colloid and surface science and the kinds of variables with which they deal. In subsequent chapters different specific phenomena are developed in detail. 

The chemistry and physics of such particles represent a separate, rapidly developing field. The consideration of this field (even if brief) is beyond the scope of this review. From the standpoint of this review, of most interest is the fact that melting of similar films often produces stable colloid solutions of metals in non-aqueous media. Early works in this field were summarized in review [19]. Among later results, noteworthy is the stabilization of metal nanoparticles in tertiary amines, which appear to be a unique medium for formation of stable colloid solutions of a wide variety of metals [20, 21]. Metal colloids stable for, at least, several years were obtained through the intermediate formation of thin films of co-condensates of metals with amines. 

The scope of this volume is broad, with topics ranging from surface physics and chemistry to aqueous and nonaqueous colloid science. The subject matter chosen illustrates both the breadth and depth of scientific knowledge needed to advance these important technologies, and emphasizes the common scientific threads which run through these apparently differing subjects. 

The text largely contains fundamental material and focuses on understanding the basic principles rather than learning factual information. Since it is impossible to include all branches of surface science in such an introductory book because of its wide and multidisciplinary scope, a specific and narrow topic, the interfacial interactions between solids and liquids, has been chosen for this book. For this reason, the ionic interactions, charged polymers, electrochemistry, electrokinetics and the colloid and particulate sciences cannot be included. Some fundamental physical chemistry subjects such as basic thermodynamics are covered, and many equations are derived from these basic concepts throughout the book in order to show the links between applied surface equations and the fundamental concepts. This is lacking in most textbooks and applied books in surface chemistry, and for this reason, this book can be used as a textbook for a course of 14-15 weeks. 

Frederik, P.M. and Sommerdijk, N. 2005 Spatial and temporal resolution in cryo-electron microscopy— A scope for nano-chemistry, Cuir. Opin. Colloid interf. Sci. 10 245-249. 

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