Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity

L-Phenylalanine can be synthesised from trims-cinnamic add (Figure A8.12) catalysed by a L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Rhodococcus glutinis. The commercialisation of the process was limited by the low conversion (70%), low stability of the biocatalyst and die severe inhibition exerted by trims-cinnamic add. These problems were largely overcome by researchers at Genex. The process, commercialised for a short period by Gen ex, involves a cell-free preparation of phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase activity from Rhodotorula rubra. 

Maier VP, Hasegawa S (1970) L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and naringenin glycoside accumulation in developing grapefruit. Phytochemistry 9 139-144... 

Thorpe TA, Maier VP, Hasegawa S (1971) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in citrus fruit tissue cultured in vitro. Phytochemistry 10 711-718... 

Oufedjikh H, Mahrouz M, Amiot MJ, Lacroix M (2000) Effect of gamma-irradiation on phenolic compounds and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity during storage in relation to peel injury from peel of Citrus Clementina Hort. ex. Tanaka. J Agric Food Chem 48(2) 559-565... 

Thorpe, J. R., and Hall, J. L., 1984, Chronology and elicitation of changes in peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in wounded wheat leaves in response to inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, Physiol. Plant Pathol. 25 363-379. 

Alejo, N.O. and Carciglia, R.S. (1992) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and capsaicin-precursor compounds in p-fluorophenylalanine-resistant and -sensitive variant cells of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). Physiologia Plantarum 85(2), 1 73-1 79. 

S. Yamada, K. Nabe, N. Izuo, K. Nakamichi, and I. Chibata, Production of L-phenylalanine from trans-dnnamic add with Rhodotorula glutinis containing L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, Appi. Enuiron. Microbid., 42 773 (1981). 

The presence or absence of phosphate ions plays an important role in the expression and accumulation of some secondary products. Zenk et al. (47) have demonstrated a 50% increase in anthraquinone accumulation in cell cultures of Morinda citrofolia when phosphate was increased to a concentration of 5g7h In suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus, the overall accumulation of secondary metabolites like tryptamine and indole alkaloids has been shown to occur rapidly when cells were shifted to a medium devoid of phosphate (48,49). A study on the uptake of phosphate and its effect on phenylalanine ammonia lyase and the subsequent accumulation of cinnamoyl putrescine in cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum demonstrated marked sensitivity to phosphate concentration (5DX Enhanced phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and increased production of cinnamoyl putrescine was induced by subculture onto phosphate-free medium while suppression of these effects and stimulation of growth was observed with phosphate concentrations of 0.02-0.5uM. Interestingly, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity is stimulated by increasing phosphate concentrations in cell suspension of Catharanthus roseus (51). 

Promotive effect of gibberellic acid on anthocya-nidin synthesis phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activation or membrane associated effects IXT International Conference on plant growth substances, Lausanne (Switzerland) (1976) ... 

Stalth, H. and T.H. Attrldge (1970). Increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity due to light treatment md Its significance for the mode of action of phytochrome. Phytochemistry. , 487-495. 

Engelsma, G. (1974). On the mechanism of the changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity Induced by ultraviolet and blue light in gherkin hypocotyls. Plant Physiol., 54, 7o2-7o5. 

Jangaard, N.O, (1974TT The effect of herbicides, plant growth regulators and other compounds on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Phytochemistry,... 

Effect of inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity on growth of alfalfa cell suspension culture alterations in mitotic index, ethylene production, and contents of phenolics, cytokinins, and polyamines. Physiologia Plantarum, Vol 107, No. 3, pp 329-337, ISSN 1399-3054. 

Peltonen, S., Mannoen, L., and Karjalainen, R. 1997. Elicitor induced changes of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in barley cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 50 185-193. 

Phenolic Content and L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity in Peach Fruit... 

Aoki S, Araki C, Kaneko K, Katayama O (1971) Occurrence of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in peach fruit during growth. Agric Biol Chem 35 784-787... 

Kataoka, I, Kubo Y, Sugiura A, Tomana T (1983) Changes in L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and anthocyanin synthesis during berry ripening of diree grape cultivars. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 52 273-279... 

Nonfreezing low temperature stress on phenolics metabolism has been considered in several papers. These studies have shown that the phenolic metabolism is enhanced under chill stress and that the behavior of the same metabolism is further dependent on the storage temperature. There is a low critical temperature below which an increase of phenolic metabolism is stimulated, and this temperature is related to the threshold temperature at which chilling injury is also induced. It has been also observed that the low temperarnre effect involves a cold-induced stimulatimi of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) as well as other enzymes important in the... 

McCallum JA, Walker JRL. Phenolic biosynthesis during grain development in wheat changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and soluble phenolic content. J Cereal Sci 1990 11 35-49. 

It is reasonable to assume from the available evidence that the enzyme acts at a switching point in metabolism and diverts L-phenylalanine from the general pool of amino acids used for protein synthesis to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid compounds. Since initial steps are probable sites for overall pathway regulation, it is therefore not surprising that the factors which influence L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity have been subject to detailed scrutiny. Thus phytochrome control in dark grown seedlings. 

Chemical inhibition of L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity may be achieved by the use of typical carbonyl reagents such as sodium borohydride and potassium cyanide. Treatment of the enzyme with tritiated sodium borohydride and subsequent hydrolysis gave alanine in which the majority of the radioactivity was confined to the jj-methyl group . Similarly reaction with potassium cyanide and hydrolysis gave aspartic acid labelled exclusively in the -carboxyl group . These observations led to the proposal that the active site of the enzyme, like that of the related L-histidine ammonia lyase , contains a dehydro-alanine residue... 

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