Cognitive impairment symptoms

Much remains to be discovered about the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia and there is still a great need for medicinal chemists to develop more selective drugs that are devoid of clinically limiting side-effects and also address the cognitive impairment symptoms. 

P = Psychological symptoms (anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment, depression)... 

Neurologic symptoms (meningoencephalitis, aseptic meningitis, peripheral neuropathy, facial palsy, or cognitive impairment or psychosis)... 

In humans, encephalopathy can occur at PbB levels as low as 100-120 pg/dL in some adults (Kehoe 1961a, 1961b, 1961c Smith et al. 1938) and at PbB levels as low as 80-100 pg/dL in some children (EPA 1986a NAS 1972). This condition can result in death or in permanent cognitive impairment, particularly in children. Furthermore, children with high PbB levels (>80-100 pg/dL) and symptoms of... 

Schizophrenia is characterized by three partially independent symptom clusters. These symptom clusters are designated positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive impairments [1], The positive symptoms are the most dramatic and are manifestations of psychosis. 

Controlled clinical investigations with careful titration of doses in normal subjects demonstrate that ketamine produces negative symptoms, such as withdrawal and the subtle cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia [25]. As is the case for schizophrenia, these symptoms occur without clouding of consciousness or frank dementia. Positive symptoms with auditory hallucinations and fully... 

Prominent symptoms of depression in the elderly are loss of appetite, cognitive impairment, sleeplessness, anergia, fatigue, and loss of interest in and enjoyment of the normal pursuits of life. 

Decades after the onset of illness, some patients experience a distinct improvement and enter a residual phase of the disorder. In this phase, positive symptoms wane or disappear altogether. Negative symptoms, mood disturbance, and cognitive impairment may, however, persist. 

Unless the TBI has caused severe cognitive impairment (i.e., dementia), most patients after TBI can provide an accurate and insightful description of their physical and cognitive impairment. However, they often have less insight into the nature and severity of many of the common psychiatric symptoms that follow TBI. For this reason, the initial assessment should also include an interview with the patient s family members and friends, if they are available. Interviews with other health care providers (e.g., doctors, nurses, physical and occupation therapists) can also be extremely helpful. 

Other symptoms include relative coarsening of facial features and mild cognitive impairment. 

Symptoms of Fragile X syndrome include cognitive impairment, autism, seizures, and hyperactivity. 

The concept of bradyphrenia overlaps with that of apathy, defined as diminished motivation not attributable to diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment or emotional distress (Marin, 1990). Apathy is common in neurodegenerative disorders and is associated with orbito-frontal, medial frontal and anterior temporal dysfunction in Alzheimer s disease (Craig et al., 1996). Apathy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD, and correlates with executive dysfunction (Aarsland, 1999b). However, apathy is even more common in PSP patients (Aarsland et al., 2001c), possibly related to the more marked involvement of the orbitofrontal and medial frontal circuits in PSP than in PD. 

In DLB, fluctuations in both the level of consciousness and in the content of consciousness (hallucinations and delusions) develop. These alterations, together with much of the ensuing cognitive impairment, fluctuate to such an extent that patients can transiently return to being symptom-free in the course of the disease. This temporal pattern implicates functional as opposed to structural neuropathological abnormalities in symptom aetiology. Several neurotransmitter correlates have been identified in autopsy tissue from retrospectively, and more recently, prospectively assessed patients. 

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