Cobalt oxide, commercial

The alkalized zinc oxide—chromia process developed by SEHT was tested on a commercial scale between 1982 and 1987 in a renovated high pressure methanol synthesis plant in Italy. This plant produced 15,000 t/yr of methanol containing approximately 30% higher alcohols. A demonstration plant for the lEP copper—cobalt oxide process was built in China with a capacity of 670 t/yr, but other higher alcohol synthesis processes have been tested only at bench or pilot-plant scale (23). 

The energy density of commercial cells has almost doubled since their introduction in 1991 since 1999 the volumetric energy density has increased from 250 to over 400 Wh/1. Details of the original commercial cells have been reviewed by Nishi, where key aspects are discussed concerning the need for large particle size, 15—20 /increase safety and the intentional incorporation of lithium carbonate into the cathode to provide a safety valve. The lithium carbonate decomposes, releasing carbon dioxide when the charging exceeds 4.8 V, which breaks electrical flow in the cell. These lithium cobalt oxides also contain excess lithium and can be best represented by the formula... 

The most imporant use of cobalt is in the manufacture of various wear-resistant and superalloys. Its alloys have shown high resistance to corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. They are used in machine components. Also, certain alloys are used in desulfurization and hquefaction of coal and hydrocracking of crude oil shale. Cobalt catalysts are used in many industrial processes. Several cobalt salts have wide commercial apphcations (see individual salts). Cobalt oxide is used in glass to impart pink or blue color. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in radiography and sterihzation of food. 

Cobalt(ll) oxide is used as a pigment for ceramics and paints for drying paints, varnishes and oils for coloring glass as a catalyst and for preparation of other cobalt salts. The commercial product is a mixture of cobalt oxides. 

Tricobalt tetroxide is a minor component of commercial cobalt oxides. It is used in ceramics, pigments, and enamels. Other applications are in grinding wheels, in semiconductors, and for preparing cobalt metal. 

Coball(lI) hydroxide exists in two allolropic forms, a blue or-Co (OH) and a pink /l-Co(OH) . The hydroxide is prepared by precipitation from u cobaltous salt solution by an alkali hydroxide. When the alkali is in excess the pink ft form is produced—the blue a-furni is produced when the cobalt salt is in excess. The salt slowly oxidizes in air at mom temperature and changes to hydrated cobaltic oxide, Co-Oi - H 0. The hydroxide is practically insoluble in H 0 and in bases, but highly soluble in mineral and organic acids. The commercial salt is used as Ihe starting material in the preparation of drying agents. 

Molybdenum oxide - alumina systems have been studied in detail (4-8). Several authors have pointed out that a molybdate surface layer is formed, due to an interaction between molybdenum oxide and the alumina support (9-11). Richardson (12) studied the structural form of cobalt in several oxidic cobalt-molybdenum-alumina catalysts. The presence of an active cobalt-molybdate complex was concluded from magnetic susceptibility measurements. Moreover cobalt aluminate and cobalt oxide were found. Only the active cobalt molybdate complex would contribute to the activity and be characterized by octahedrally coordinated cobalt. Lipsch and Schuit (10) studied a commercial oxidic hydrodesulfurization catalyst, containing 12 wt% M0O3 and 4 wt% CoO. They concluded that a cobalt aluminate phase was present and could not find indications for an active cobalt molybdate complex. Recent magnetic susceptibility studies of the same type of catalyst (13) confirmed the conclusion of Lipsch and Schuit. 

A total of206 mg [119] of commercial Cu/Zn catalyst from SiidChemie (G-66MR) ground to the nanometer range was coated into the channel system at 5 pm thickness to promote the steam reforming reaction. A cobalt oxide catalyst was prepared by impregnating the corundum layer (see above) with cobalt nitrate and calcining at 350 °C for 2 h 434 mg [119] of the CoO catalyst were applied for the combustion reaction (see Section 2.5). 

The catalyst used in the experiments was a commercial cobalt molybdenum supported on y-alumina (Procatalyse HR306). It contains 14 wt% of molybdenum oxide and 3 wt% of cobalt oxide and has a surface area of 210 m2/g. It was sulfided according to a standard laboratory procedure at 400 °C under a mixture of 15 vol.% of H2S in H2. In one experiment, the activity of... 

Cobalt oxide obtained by the foregoing methods always contains a little oxide of nickel besides small amounts of other impurities. The following analyses of two Canadian samples of the commercial oxide 1 will serve to illustrate this point ... 

Cobalto-cobaltic Oxide, Tri-cobalt Tetroxide, Co304, is the essential constituent of commercial oxide of cobalt. It is produced when either of the other oxides is strongly heated in air, and when cobalt nitrate is ignited. 

See also COBALT. Note The commercial oxides are usually not definite chemical compounds but mixtures of the cobalt oxides. 

The first investigation of Li Co02 was carried out by Mizushima et al. in 1980," where the material was suggested as a possible positive electrode for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. In 1991 Sony Corporation commercialized the first lithium-ion battery in which lithium cobalt oxide was used as the positive electrode and graphite (carbon) as the negative electrode. Since then, LiCo02 has been the most widely used cathode material in commercial hthium-ion batteries and retains its industrial importance as a cathode material. 

Derivation By heating strongly other cobalt oxides in air. Thus, the commercial oxides contain a substantial quantity of Co304. 

Figure 6. The addition of a promoter (P) to ANL s cobalt/oxide catalyst improves its WGS activity at temperatures below 350°C to give it higher activity than commercial iron-chrome (Fe-Cr). GHSV = 30,000 hr, "High CO" reformate...

Approaches for the synthesis of adipic acid are shown in Figure 2.12. The basic raw materials are benzene, cyclohexane, phenol, acrylates, and butadiene. The principal commercial processes are based on the oxidation of cyclohexane, which usually proceeds in two stages. The first step entails oxidation with air, yielding either a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohex-anol (process 1, Figure 2.12) or predominantly cyclohexanol (process 2, Figure 2.12). These reaction products are oxidized in the second stage with nitric acid to adipic acid. Process 1 employs a soluble cobalt oxidation catalyst [133], reaction temperatures in the range of 150 160°C, pressures between 800 and 1000 kPa, and catalyst concentrations of 0.3-3 ppm. At conversions of 5-10%, the selectivity with respect to the cyclohexanone yclohexanol mixture is about 70 80 mol %, with an alcohol/ketone ratio of about 2 1. In process 2 the oxidation is carried out in the presence of boric acid or its anhydride. This results in mixtures particularly... 

Synonyms Cobaltous sulfate Cobalt sulfate Cobalt sulfate (1 1) Cobalt (II) sulfate Cobalt (II) sulfate (1 1) Sulfuric acid, cobalt (2+) salt (1 1) Definition Obtained by action of sulfuric acid on cobaltous oxide hexahy-drate occurs in nature as the min. bieberite commercial prod, is the hexahydrate or the monohydrate Empirical 0,S Co Fomiula CoSO,... 

Definition Obtained by action of sulfuric acid on cobaltous oxide hexahydrate occurs in nature as the min. bieberite commercial prod, is the hexahydrate or the monohydrate Empihcal 04S Co Formula C0SO4... 

Lithium nickel oxide is isostructural with lithium cobalt oxide and has higher specific capacity. However, it is much more susceptible to thermal runaway and has not been used in commercially lithium-ion cells. 

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