Lithium-excess

Isolated seizures that are not epilepsy can be caused by stroke, central nervous system trauma, central nervous system infections, metabolic disturbances (e.g., hyponatremia and hypoglycemia), and hypoxia. If these underlying causes of seizures are not corrected, they may lead to the development of recurrent seizures I or epilepsy. Medications can also cause seizures. Some drugs that are commonly associated with seizures include tramadol, bupropion, theophylline, some antidepressants, some antipsy-chotics, amphetamines, cocaine, imipenem, lithium, excessive doses of penicillins or cephalosporins, and sympathomimetics or stimulants. 

As an example, we will consider the formation of nitrate biogeochemical provinces in the Desert region of biosphere in Zerafshan river watershed that occupies most of the Samarkand administrative region of Uzbekistan. This is an agricultural area with irrigation production of cotton and some other crops like cereals, vegetables and fruits. The natural biogeochemical provinces are characterized by iodine, copper, and zinc deficiency and lithium excess. 

Figure 15. Number of cycles the battery can sustain at different values of lithium excess with respect the stoichiometric one (2e/2s) as a function of the efficiency of the lithium deposition-stripping process.

New Process for the Production of "Etlnol (Fig. 87). Improvements Developed in the Laboratory. Laboratory investigations showed that the vinyl ketone used is unstable in liquid ammonia. Therefore, under the conditions of ethynylation in the absence of lithium acetylide or when it was present in only substoichiometric amounts, resins were produced almost exclusively from the vinyl ketone even though the solution was diluted with an organic solvent. Therefore, experiments were made in which the addition was carried out in an organic solvent instead of ammonia. The laboratory results were overwhelming, the yields obtained were 95% instead of 80%, and the lithium excess could be reduced from 20 to 5 %. Production of the undesired resins almost ceased [212]. 

Yoshikawa D, Kadoma Y, Kim J-M et al (2010) Spray-drying synthesized lithium-excess LL4 +xTis-xOi2-5 and its electrochemical property as negative electrode matraial Iot li-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 55(6) 1872-1879... 

J. Choi and A. Manthiram, Comparison of the Electrochemical Behaviors of Stoiehiometric LiNii/3Coi/3Mni/302 and Lithium Excess Lii.o3(Ni /3Coi/3Mni/3)o.9702, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 7 10 (2004), A365-A368. 

Choi J, Manthiram A (2004) Comparison of the electrochemical behaviours of stoichiometric Lii.o3(Nii/3Mni/3Coi/3)o.9702 and lithium excess LiNii/3Mni/3Coi/302. Electrochem Solid State Lett 7 A365-A368... 

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