Cobalt oxide, commercial basic

Approaches for the synthesis of adipic acid are shown in Figure 2.12. The basic raw materials are benzene, cyclohexane, phenol, acrylates, and butadiene. The principal commercial processes are based on the oxidation of cyclohexane, which usually proceeds in two stages. The first step entails oxidation with air, yielding either a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohex-anol (process 1, Figure 2.12) or predominantly cyclohexanol (process 2, Figure 2.12). These reaction products are oxidized in the second stage with nitric acid to adipic acid. Process 1 employs a soluble cobalt oxidation catalyst [133], reaction temperatures in the range of 150 160°C, pressures between 800 and 1000 kPa, and catalyst concentrations of 0.3-3 ppm. At conversions of 5-10%, the selectivity with respect to the cyclohexanone yclohexanol mixture is about 70 80 mol %, with an alcohol/ketone ratio of about 2 1. In process 2 the oxidation is carried out in the presence of boric acid or its anhydride. This results in mixtures particularly... 

The cobalt carbonate basic salt is the commercially-used cobalt carbonate. It is used primarily for manufacturing cobalt pigments. It also is used to prepare cobalt(II) oxide and other cobalt salts. 

Metal-initiated auto-oxidation reactions are also used with limited success to induce relatively fast biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Basically as a result of oxidation, there is C-C bond cleavage, and the long polymer molecules are broken down into smaller fragments that are more easily bioassimilated. The metal complexes commercially used for this purpose are usually iron, cobalt, and manganese stearates, and other carboxylates or dithiocarbamate complexes (see Section 1.6.3). 

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