English Letters

Bubbling area, i.e., column cross-section area less the total of downcomer area, downcomer seal area, and areas of any other nonperforated regions, ft . 

Downcomer top area, ft . Qfote In multipass trays, A is the sum of the top areas of all downcomers transporting liquid ftom the tray.) 

Interfacial area per unit volume of liquid and gas holdup, ft /ft . Interfacial area, ft . 

Net area (column cross-section area less downcomer top area), 

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The first step of the analysis is to identify the human actions and equipment failures that can lead to the failure of interest. An HRA event tree (Figure 5.14) is then constructed to depict the potential human errors (represented by capital English letters) and the potential equipment failures (represented by capital Greek letters). The series of events that will lead to the failure of interest is identified by an Fi at the end of the last branch of the event tree. All other outcomes are considered successes even though the propane release is not isolated in outcomes S2 and S3, so the process must be shut down. 

The Linear Algebraic Problem.—Familiarity with the basic theory of finite vectors and matrices—the notions of rank and linear dependence, the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, the Jordan normal form, orthogonality, and related principles—will be presupposed. In this section and the next, matrices will generally be represented by capital letters, column vectors by lower case English letters, scalars, except for indices and dimensions, by lower case Greek letters. The vectors a,b,x,y,..., will have elements au f it gt, r) . .. the matrices A, B,...,... 

Each element is represented by a unique one- or two-letter symbol. For example, the symbol for hydrogen is H, oxygen s symbol is O, and nitrogen s symbol is N. When two or more elements have names that begin with the same English letter, all but one of the elemental symbols has a second letter. The second letter is always lower case. For example, carbon is C, chlorine is Cl, cobalt is Co, and chromium is Cr. Chemists understand that the symbol for an element represents more than one or two letters. Instead, a chemist sees the symbol Ni and immediately thinks of nickel atoms. 

Dimensional and mathematical symbols used in this Code are listed in Mandatory Appendix IV, with definitions. Uppercase and lowercase English letters are listed alphabetically, followed by Greek letters. 

The prefix multipliers are given in Table 1.2. It is crucial that you learn all the multipliers, as well as their numerical meanings and abbreviations. Notice some abbreviations are capital letters, while others are lower case letters. It is important that you not confuse these. The letter m is particularly overused as an abbreviation. Notice that the abbreviation for micro is the Greek letter mu (p), which is equivalent to the English letter m. 

Nomenclature 25.1 English Letters B Bottom flow rate, lb-mole/h... 

Note that the term (n - 1) is used in the denominator of this equation to ensure that 5 is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation, a. (There is a general convention in statistics that English letters are used to describe the properties of samples, Greek letters to describe populations). The term (n - 1) is the number of degrees of freedom of the estimate, s. This is because if x is known, it is only necessary to know the values of (n — 1) of the individual measurements, as by definition S(.x,- — x) = 0. The square of the standard deviation, is known as the variance, and is a very important statistic when two or more sources of error are being considered, because of its additivity properties. 

Vibrational modes which will be discussed are shown in Fig. 3-1. The arrows suggest the principal displacements involved in the oscillatory movements of the atoms. Note that symbols are assigned with the convention of an English letter subscript to identify vibrational... 

Figure 14.3. (A) Both nucleic acid and protein sequences, as linear polymers, can be represented as strings of English letters. This is, indeed, exactly how they are stored in global, centralized databases of biological data. (B) The genetic code is the system of rules that maps nucleic acid sequences into proteins. Nucleotides are read, ree at a time (as codons ), and converted into a single amino acid by means of tRNAs, specialized adaptor molecules.

Elizabethan works refer to the Hyacinth as the herb or weed. The Greeks write Ai as U, or upsilon, which corresponds to the English letter V, the invert of A. As we shall see in the next chapter. Sir Francis Bacon first used the AA sign in his literary headpieces, from 1577 on the Continent and 1579 in England. 

The hypothesis that the sentence was generated by choosing random English letters can also be analyzed. In this case the probability of this sentence can be calculated as... 

A. Maguire, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1981. Gogol s letters also provide much valuable information an anthology is now available in English (Letters of Nikolai Gogol, sel. and ed. by Carl R. Proffer, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1967). 

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