Coating of proteins

The virus genome consists of either RNA or DNA. The genome is surrounded by a coat of protein (and occasionally other material). When the virus genome is inside the coat it is called a virus particle or virion. 

The structures of the various lipoproteins appear to be similar (figs. 20.11 and 20.12). Each of the lipoprotein classes contains a neutral lipid core composed of triacylglycerol and/or cholesteryl ester. Around this core is a coat of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol, with the polar portions oriented toward the surface of the lipoprotein and the hydro-phobic parts associated with the neutral lipid core. The hydrophilic surface interacts with water in plasma, promoting the solubility of the lipoprotein. 

Streptavidin conjugated to immobilized biotin BSA, PEG Red blood cells tCP of protein-linker with PEG backfill simultaneous coating of protein linker via pFP 2003 [121]... 

Lipoproteins are globular, micelle-like particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic coat of protein, phospholipid and cholesterol. The apolipoproteins (apoproteins) on the surface of the lipoproteins help to solubilize the lipids and target the lipoproteins to the correct tissues. There are five different types of lipoprotein, classified according to their functional and physical properties chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs), low density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). The major function of lipoproteins is to transport triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phospholipids around the body. 

The topic of lipoproteins is the most complicated issue presented in this chapter. Lipoproteins are complexes of specific proteins and lipids. Each lipoprotein contains different proportions of various lipids. The constant component of any one type of lipoprotein is the protein hence, the structure or function is described by first naming the protein. Lipoproteins are synthesized primarily in the intestines and liver and are secreted into the plasma, where their function is to transport various Lipids. Lipoproteins are water soluble because of their outside coat of proteins and the hydrophilic phosphate groups of their phospholipids. This water solubility enables lipoproteins to transport the triglycerides and cholesteryl esters that reside within their cores. An understanding of lipoproteins is useful to individuals interested in energy metabolism and essential to those concerned with cardiovascular disease. 

Sievers RE, Quinn BP, Huang ETS, Cape SP, Algarov D, Rinner L, Villa JA. Stabilization, micronization, and coating of proteins, peptides, antibodies and enzymes by C02-assisted nebulization with bubble dryer. Proceedings of the Protein Stability Conference, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2003 25. 

Polymer Coating of Proteins by Coprecipitation from Organic Soiutions... 

The trouble with pleomorphism is when it is assumed that viruses can change or assemble into bacteria, and bacteria can change or decompose into viruses. (We adopt the convention that a virus is composed of a core of nucleic acid with a coat of protein plus maybe a lipid or fatty material and carbohydrate material. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms, with a nuclear substance surrounded by a membrane and cell wall.) Ordinarily, a virus may invade a bacterial ceU, but this presupposes the existence of both. And it may be not so much whether transmutations can occur, however, but how do they occur In the latter regard, there is the fact that some bacterial cells contain genetic elements or pieces of DNA called plasmids, which can function as virases. Thus, viruses possibly may originate as a fragment of cellular nucleic acid that has become independent of the host cell. (See, for instance, the... 

Although a combination of codons or triplets is said to encode a peptide or protein, aberrations may occur, and are viewed as mutations. An example is viruses. Viruses contain an outer coat of protein and as such may contain aberrations, which could potentially cause tumors. 

Relatively few clinically useful drugs have been developed for viral infections. This slow progress is due to the nature of viruses and the way they replicate. Viruses are smaller than bacteria. A vims consists of nucleic acid—either DNA or RNA— surrounded by a coat of protein. A vims penetrates a host cell or merely injects its nucleic acid into the cell. In either case, the nucleic acid is transcribed and is integrated into the host genome. 

Endospores contain a newly replicated bacterial chromosome and a small portion of cytoplasm inside a double-layered membrane, all enclosed within a thick spore coat of protein (Fignre 6.15.3). This coat makes the endospore resistant to many harsh chemicals (Tortora et al., 2001). Most of the water present in the endospore is eliminated, and endospores do not carry out metabolic reactions. 

The viruses are a special class of nucleoproteins which consist of infectious nucleic add surrounded by a coat of proteins. They contain either RNA or DNA which is located towards the interior of the virus particle. Many viruses, however, do not cause diseases. 

The virus was discovered in the nineteenth century. It is a very small sub-cellular organism and caimot be seen using a normal light microscope only by using an electron microscope can it be seen and identified. Serological and molecnlar techniques are now conunonly used to aid identification. Viruses consist of nncleic acids (DNA or RNA) nsually surrounded by a coat of protein. Some vimses can cause the host cell to produce various crystalline stractures which can also be nsed to aid identification, as can shape of the outer vims coat. 

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and protozoa. They do not have a cell structure, but consist of bundles of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of protein. To reproduce, they must infect cells of other organisms and use the metabolic machinery of these cells to increase their own numbers. Viruses responsible for a number of diseases are thought to be spread by water. It is believed that poliomyelitis and viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver accompanied by jaundice) can be spread by waterborne virus. Viruses of the rotavirus group are probably responsible for most waterborne viral gastroenteritis ailments. 

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