Coal University

Engler-Bunte-Institute, Division of Gas, Oil, and Coal, University of Karlsruhe, D-75 Karlsruhe, West Germany... 

Stutzer, 0.1940. Geology of Coal. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 

A. Geertsema, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Sept. 25—29, 1989, University of Pittsburgh, pp. 582—587. 

B. K. Schmid and D. M. Jackson, "The SRC-11 Process," paper presented at Third Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification and Eiquefaction. University of Pittsburgh, Aug. 3—5, 1976 D. M. Jackson and B. K. Schmid, "Production of Distillate Fuels by SRC-11," paper presented at ACS Div. of Ind. and Eng. Chem. Symposium, Colorado Spriags, Col., Feb. 12,1979. 

J. T. Stewart and T. D. Pay, "Coal Gasification Processes and Equipment Available for Small Industrial AppHcations," paper presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification Eiquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 1—3,1978. 

A. B. Edwards, in P. L. Henderson, ed.. Brown Coal, Cambridge University Press, London, 1953. 

Other coal sample banks are also in existence. The Penn State Sample Bank at Peimsylvania State University has the most diverse collection of samples (86). The Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program at the Illinois State Geological Survey specializes in samples from the Illinois Basin (89). The European Center for Coal Specimens has a significant collection of samples from the entire world and is located in Eygelshoven in The Netherlands (88). Each makes samples available in kilogram quantities. 

W. Spackman, "What Is Coal ", Short Conrse on Coal Characteristics and Coal Conversion Processes, Peimsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., Oct. 1973, 48 pp. 

Worldwide demand for blast furnace coke has decreased over the past decade. Although, as shown in Figure 1, blast furnace hot metal production (pig iron) increased by about 4% from 1980 to 1990, coke production decreased by about 2% over the same time period (3). This discrepancy of increased hot metal and decreased coke production is accounted for by steady improvement in the amounts of coke required to produce pig iron. Increased technical capabihties, although not universally implemented, have allowed for about a 10% decrease in coke rate, ie, coke consumed per pig iron produced, because of better specification of coke quaUty and improvements in blast furnace instmmentation, understanding, and operation methods (4). As more blast furnaces implement injection of coal into blast furnaces, additional reduction in coke rate is expected. In some countries that have aggressively adopted coal injection techniques, coke rates have been lowered by 25% (4). 

C. P. Gomez, Ignition of and Combustion of Coal and CharParticles a Differential Approach, M.S. dissertation, Peimsylvania State University, University... 

Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Institute of Geochemistry Favorsky St. 1 A, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia, obel igc.irk.ru Irkutsk State University, Institute of petroleum coal chemical synthesis Lermontov St. 128, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia, sskornikova mail.ru... 

In recent years researchers at West Virginia University have developed coal-derived pitches on a laboratory scale in quantities sufficient to make 1 kg samples of calcined coke for fashioning graphite test specimens. The pitches were derived by uhlizmg solvent extraction with N-methyl pyrrohdone (NMP). This solvent is able to isolate coal-based pitches m high yield and with low mineral matter content [13]. It is this work that will form the basis of the discussion for the later part of this chapter. 

Further details and specialized information on the mechanisms, product qualities, and proce.sses applied to the heating of coal in solvents can be found in the abundant literature [20]. What follows are some of the results of research conducted at West Virginia University, where investigations of the conversion of coal into pitches suitable for graphite production have been carried out... 

Saccharin was discovered at Johns Hopkins University in 1879 in the course of research on coal-tar derivatives and is the oldest artificial sweetener. In spite of its name, which comes from the Latin word for sugar, saccharin bears no structural relationship to any sugar. Nor is saccharin itself very soluble in water. The proton bonded to nitrogen, however, is fairly acidic and saccharin is normally marketed as its water-soluble sodium or calcium salt. Its earliest applications were not in weight control, but as a... 

MHD programs in the United States are concentrated in two major facilities. A Component Development and Integration Facility is located in Butte, Montana, and a Coal Fired Flow Facility at the University of Tennessee to studies coal fired MHD, slag processing, seed handling and downstream systems. 

Gordon, R. L. (1987). World Coal Economics, Policies and Prospects. Cambridge, Eng. Cambridge University Press. 

Rapp, R. A., Proc. Workshop on Materials Problems and Research Opportunities in Coal Conversion, Columbus, Ohio State University, 313 (1974)... 

Y.W. Jang, Steam Gasification of Bituminous Coal in a Bench-Scale Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed, MS Thesis, Kunsan National University, Korea, 2002. 

Pepper, John Henry. The playbook of metals including personal narratives of visits to coal, lead, copper, and tin mines with a large number of interesting experiments relating to alchemy and the chemistry of the fifty metallic elements / by John Henry Pepper with three hundred illustrations. London Routlege, [18—] reprint, Ann Arbor (MI) University Microfilms International, 1997. 6... 

Szladow, A. J. "Some Aspects of the Mechanism and Kinetics of Coal Liquefaction , Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1979, 172 pp. 

Spackman, W. Cohen, A. D. Given, P. H. Casagrande, D. J. "The Comparative Study of the Okefenokee Swamp and the Everglade s-Mangrove Swamp-Marsh Complex of Southern Florida, Field guidebook printed for Geol. Soc. Amer. Pre-convention field trip, 15-17 November 1974 (subsequently published by Coal Research Section, Pennsylvania State University, 1976), 403 pp. 

Study of the Interrelationships among Chemical and Petrographic Variables of United States Coals, Tech. Rept. 9 to U.S. Department of Energy from Coal Research Section, Pennsylvania State University, Rept. FE-2030-TR 9, 1978. 

Walker, P. L. Spackman, W. Given, P. H. Davis, A. Jenkins, R. G. Painter, P. C. "Characterization of Mineral Matter in Coals and Coal Liquefaction Residues", Annual Rept. AF-832 from Pennsylvania State University to Electric Power Research Institute, 1978. 

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