CO2 eq emissions

System components Primary energy (MJprin/kg H2) CO2 eq emissions (kg C02/kg H2) Payback sensitivity of energy to +/- 25% (Years) Payback sensitivity of GHG emissions +/- 25% (Years)... 

Process/mechanical plant CO2 eq. emission (kg) Contribntion to CO2 eq. emission... 

NPV (6 years) Internal return rate Payback period Saved CO2 eq. emissions... 

The total life cycle primary energy is 35.8 MJprim/kg of delivered H2. The life cycle GHG emissions are 2.6-kg CO2 Eq/kg of delivered FE. The primary energy and CO2 payback times are 3.1 years respectively. The replacement of gasoline powered ICE vehicles with H2 powered FCVs reduces primary energy consumption by 90% and GHG emissions by 90%. 

Figure 11. Absorption, SRF, and coherent Raman emission for a diatomic molecule with a single vibrational mode to" = 1000 cm-1, to = 875 cm-1, and the dimensionless displacement D = 1.5. The calculation was done in the fast modulation limit [Eq.(l 16a)] with f = 1000 cm-1 and 7 = 0. The absorption spectrum tr(to) was calculated using Eq. (98a). The SRF spectrum Ssrf(tt> 1,to2) [Eq. (102)] and the coherent Raman signal SCARS(co,co2) [Eq- (109)] are plotted versus to2. For clarity we have plotted the fourth root of the coherent Raman signal [SCARS(tOj,to2)]1/4. tOj was taken to be on resonance with the fundamental (0-0) transition, coj = meg,45...

Life Cycle Stage Cradle-to-gate Nonrenewable Energy Use fMJ/kgJ Climate Change Potential [kg CO2 eq./kg] NOx Emissions fkgNOx/kg]... 

All data refer to 100 kg plastic Energy resources (MJ) GHG emissions (kg CO2 eq.) Ozone precursors (kg ethylene eq.) Human toxicity (y X m ) Acidification (kg SO2 eq.) Eutrophication (kg PO4 eq.) Ecotoxicity (dxl) Salinisation (HVmol) Deposited waste (10-3 EPSY)... 

Type of plastic Functional nnit Cradle-to-grave non-renewable energy use (MJ/functional unit) Type of waste treatment assumed for calculation of emissions GHG emissions (kg CO2 eq./ functional unit) Ozone precursors (g ethylene eq.) Acidification (gS02 eq.) Eutrophication (g PO4 eq.) Refs. 

Alternatively, adipic acid can be produced through biological conversion of benzoic acid or other aromatics derived from glucose to CM-muconic acid, which can then be converted to adipic acid by hydrogenation. Life cycle analysis of these two processes shows that the biological route can reduce the CO2 equivalent emissions from 17.4 to 14.0 ton CO2 eq/ton adipic acid, even beyond the enviromnental benefits associated with the elimination of the use of benzene derived from fossil resomces [11]. 

Thus, the net reaction is just Eq. 15.77. Methane-fueled MCFCs are leading candidates for local power plants in the range 1-3 MW, as their cost and efficiency are more attractive than those of PAFCs. The relatively high temperature of the exhaust gases means that they can be used effectively to drive conventional gas or steam turbines to generate additional ( topping ) electricity for increased overall efficiency. Less CO2 per kilowatt-hour is produced than by other fossil fuel-fired power generation methods, and emissions of NO , SO , and unburned hydrocarbons are minor. 

Figure 5-21 shows computed values of the spectral emissivity = e xiT,pL,X) as a function of wavelength for an equimolar mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor for a gas temperature of 1500 K, partial pressure of 0.18 atm, and a path length L = 2 m. Three principal absorption-emission bands for CO2 are seen to be centered on 2.7, 4.3, and 15 pm. Two weaker bands at 2 and 9.7 pm are also evident. Three principal absorption-emission bands for water vapor are also identified near 2.7, 6.6, and 20 pm with lesser bands at 1.17, 1.36, and 1.87 pm. The total emissivity g and absorptivity Og i are calculated by integration with respect to wavelength of the spectral emissivities, using Eqs. (5-138) in a manner similar to the development of total surface properties. 

In Eq. (5-150), T has units of kelvins and L is measured in meters. Since coke or char emissivities are gray, their addition to those of the CO2, H2O, and soot follows simply from Eq. (5-148) as... 

We next turn to the spontaneous Raman and fluorescence lineshapes. In an SRF experiment, we have a single incident classical field (a ) and a single scattered mode (a>2). We shall use the Hamiltonian [Eq. (2)] with the only difference that the sum in Eq. (4) runs over j = 1,2, with El being the classical incident field and 2 being the scattered field, which will be treated quantum mechanically. In an SRF experiment, we monitor the scattered field with both time and frequency resolution. The operator representing the rate of emission of co2 photons is... 

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