Clostridium Vaccination

The toxoid is then prepared by treating the active toxin produced with formaldehyde. The product is normally sold as a sterile aqueous preparation. Tetanus vaccine production follows a similar approach. Clostridium tetani is cultured in appropriate media. The toxin is recovered and inactivated by formaldehyde treatment. Again, it is usually marketed as a sterile aqueous-based product. 

Trivalent and heptavalent antitoxins are available A vaccine allows development of antibodies to the most common forms of Clostridium botulinum (Types A, B, C, D, and E)... 

Examples are diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria vaccine is produced by formaldehyde treatment of the toxin secreted by Corynebacterium diptheriae. Similarly, tetanus vaccine is obtained from toxins of cultured Clostridium tetani that has been treated with formaldehyde. 

Tetanus vaccines Toxoid formed by formaldehyde treatment of toxin produced by Clostridium tetani Active immunization against tetanus... 

Toxins from Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Clostridium tetani are water soluble proteins, which effectively constitute the respective vaccine antigens. However, they are treated with formaldehyde to eliminate or reduce the associated toxicity to... 

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. The diseases of diphtheria and tetanus are caused by toxins synthesized by the oiganisms Coynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetanic respectively. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines contain purified toxins that have been inactivated by formaldehyde to form toxoids. 

Detoxification. The process by which bacterial toxins are converted to harmless toxoids. Formaldehyde is used to detoxify the toxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium botu-linum and Cl. tetani. The detoxification may be performed either on the whole culture in the fermenter or on the purified toxin after fractionation. Traditionally the former approach has been adopted, as it is much safer for the operator. However, the latter gives a purer product. The pertussis toxin used in acellular vaccines may be detoxified with formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or both, hydrogen peroxide or tetranitromethane. In the case of genetically detoxified pertussis toxin, a treatment with a low concentration of formaldehyde is still performed to stabilize the protein. 

Hsieh, H.V., Stewart, B., Hauer, P., Haaland, P., and Campbell, R. (1998) Measurement of Clostridium perfringens (3 toxin production by surface plasmon resonance immuno assay. Vaccine, 16, 997 1003. 

For reasons that are not completely understood, wounds are much more likely to be contaminated by Clostridium tetani than with Clostridium botulinum. Although an aggressive vaccination program has nearly eliminated tetanus in developed nations, the absence of universal tetanus vaccination in many third world countries results in over 300,000 cases annually. A large number of these occur in neonates, often by infection of the umbilical stump. ... 

There are no vaccines against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Acine-tobacter baumannii, which together are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections, ranging from septicemia to pneumonia and... 

We have recently prepared vaccines of Clostridium perfingens toxoid, and tetanus toxoid emulsified with [dl]-a-tocopherol and immunized mice, chicks and lambs with such vaccines without adverse reactions. 

Water-in-oil solubilized adjuvant formulations of vaccines containing Clostridium welchii type D toxoid as antigen were prepared first in 1968 and tested in laboratory animals by Coles et al [238]. The adjuvant action of oil-in-water emulsions, multiple emulsions and water in gelled oil emulsions is well known but these varied systems have the disadvantages of high viscosity which makes injection physically difficult. Lin [236] quotes an HLB of 9.7 as the optimum value for water solubilization in mineral oil. Coles et al [238] found a value of 10. While the addition of a small quantity of the lipophilic surfactant Arlacel 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) to a system of Tween 81 (polyoxyethylene (5)-sorbiton mono-oleate) alio wed increasing amounts of water to be solubilized, when toxoid solution was substituted for water the Arlacel decreased the amount which could... 

Cross contamination of vaccines with other pathogens has also resulted in mortality and morbidity in animals. These incidents have included pseudorabies virus contaminated with pestivirus, Marek s disease virus contaminated with reticuloendotheliosis virus, contamination of cell lines and vaccines with bovine diarrhoea virus, bluetongue in dogs arising from contaminated live canine vaccine and clostridial disease in ruminants of 202 523 animals in affected herds, 41 767 were infected with Clostridium sordellii and 22 189 died, possibly as a result of a failure in a sterility test for detecting contaminants in a clostridial vaccine. 

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