Mechanical workshop

You could visit earth, hire a mechanical workshop in a remote area, car-jack a few specimens, and dissect them. You would observe that cars differ in their colour, shape, size and spec. Some may even contain a bar, cinema or swimming pool, but, perhaps, limousines are excluded from your exploration. On closer examination you would notice small ID-numbers imprinted on various strategic body parts. In short - you would find no two cars that are exactly the same. 

Several instruments and devices are certainly commercially available the need however for the availability of a precision mechanical workshop close to the laboratory must be underlined, since the construction of special apparatuses and components is often required, involving many machine tools (lathes, milling machines, presses, etc.), parts and different materials. See for instance remarks reported by Schnepf and Schnockel (2002). 

While it is possible to mould stoppers and cones for interchangeable ground glass joints and for hollow stopcock keys by mouth blowing, this is an exhausting and quite unnecessary task if air from a compressor is available. A simple two-way valve made in the mechanical workshop from brass or aluminium, connected up as shown in Fig. 3.3, and operated by hand or by foot-treadle, wiU do a better job with much less effort. 

Membrane units can be purchased either from Global FLA Inc. (Fox Island, Washington), or from die mechanical workshop at the Chemical Center at Lund University (Lund, Sweden). Process-scale membrane units can be designed by Membrane Extraction Technology Ltd (London, UK). 

U. Ntirnberger, Corrosion induced failures mechanism . Workshop Durability of post tensioning tendons , 15-16 November 2001, Ghent (Belgium). 

Groundwater and soil samples from 16 locations near petrol stations (PS) and mechanic workshops (MW) aroxmd Calabar, Nigeria, were analyzed for heavy metals and hydrocarbons to determine their concentrations and assess the impact of the PS and MW on groundwater in the area. Results show that mean concentrations of cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, and lead in groundwater are higher than the maximum admissible concentration (Nganje et al., 2007). 

Nganje, T. N. Edet, A. E. Ekwere, S. J. (2007). Concentrations of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in groundwater near petrol stations and mechanic workshops in Calabar metropolis, southeastern Nigeria. Emrironmental Geosciences Vol. 14 no. 1 p. 15-29 001 10.1306/eg.08230505005. 

The Laboratoire de Protection and the Laboratoire de Synthese were first created in 1922. New installations were added up to 1939 a second laboratory and a mechanical workshop for the Protection Service in 1924 an Atelier de Demi-grand in 1927 for the Synthesis Service an extended laborat y and a 1000 cubic metre spherical chamber for the Dispersion Service a laboratory for the Prophylaxy Service and a group of laboratories for the professors of the CEEC in the mobiUzation of 1939-1940. See Adolphe Kovache, Historique du Centre d Etudes du Bouchet , Sciences et Techniques de I Armement, 55 (4), (1981), 651-717. From 1935 to 1978, experiments en grand were conducted in the related centre B2 , located in Namous, Algeria. 

Replacements become necessary sooner as compared to the units in mechanical workshops or civil structures for ofhces/residential buildings. 

Several electrochemically based methods are employed in the metals processing industry because of their ability to manufacture metal articles or components which are difficult or impossible to produce by traditional mechanical workshop techniques. The most important methods are electroforming and a group used for the controlled removal of metal, i.e. electrochemical machining, grinding and deburring. 

The main drawback to electrochemical machining lies in the need to design a tool (cathode) for each new job. Moreover the design process to obtain the correct current density distribution remains a skilled art rather than a science it is often necessary to test the tool and to modify it by trial and error. In addition the need to use large volumes of electrolyte solutions does not fit in well to a mechanical workshop. However carefully they are handled, they lead to corrosion in the environment. 

The area is a 2000 hectares industrial area, with 200 firms and more than 5000 workers. A large petrochemical park, with a dozen of independent operators, represents the core activity in the cluster. Many small and medium sized facihties are located in the area, including power stations, pharmaceutical and chemical plants, mechanical workshops, and shipyards. The area is served by a large industrial and commercial ports, with related facihties. In a few establishments the major accident hazard legislation (Seveso Legislation) is enforced and thns the risk analysis is much deeper than nsual. Furthermore, according the Itahan implementation of the European Seveso Directive, the data for Mond index calculation are provided by the duty holders. 

Economic changes in 1989 affected heavy industries in these countries, e.g., the Minsk Tractor Eactory (Belarus) survived the crisis while the Warsaw Mechanical Workshop (Poland) was relocated to another city and reduced its output. The same changes affected the shipyard industry (e.g., Gdansk Shipyard) and economic changes also transformed electronics industries (e.g., Tesla in the Czech Republic). 

Microscope glass slides were purchased from Menzel Glaser (Germany). Cotton samples were provided by the Empa (Switzerland), poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) by the ETH Zurich, and aluminum samples by the mechanical workshop of our institute. Trichloromethylsilane (TCMS, 97%) was purchased from ABCR (Germany), handled under water-free conditions and used without further purification. Anhydrous toluene (p.a.) was purchased from Eluka and used as received. 

A properly equipped mechanical workshop will allow us to build many passive devices selecting the appropriate materials to withstand the chemical reagents that will be used in the analytical method. Fortunately, most materials are usually soft and easy to handle, e.g. different types of plastics, aluminum, and brass, being rarely necessary to use materials difficult to handle, such as stainless steel. 

All collaborators at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the Free University of Berlin, especially the electronics and mechanics workshop. 

R 2 medium supplies, cooling systems, mechanical workshop. 

Without the unlimited support firom the workshops this work would simply not have been possible. Thanks to the mechanical workshop for your help at any material, often within hours and equally the electronic workshop for solving electrical problems and reanimating many devices. In this context I also want to acknowledge the team of the chair Michael Eckinger, Wemer Tauchmann, and Dani Reicheneder for their help. 

It was selected mainly on grounds of convenience and versability. The design and drawings were acquired and fabrication of two such devices in the EOLAS mechanical workshop was completed in March 1988. 

---