Probability inductive

S Greenland. Probability logic and probability induction. Epidemiology 9 322-332, 1998. GM Petersen, G Parmigiam, D Thomas. Missense mutations in disease genes A Bayesian approach to evaluate causality. Am J Hum Genet. 62 1516-1524, 1998. 

Although at first glance addition to the central carbon and formation of what seems like an allylic carbonium ion would clearly be preferred over terminal addition and a vinyl cation, a closer examination shows this not to be the case. Since the two double bonds in allenes are perpendicular to each other, addition of an electrophile to the central carbon results in an empty p orbital, which is perpendicular to the remaining rr system and hence not resonance stabilized (and probably inductively destabilized) until a 90° rotation occurs around the newly formed single bond. Hence, allylic stabilization may not be significant in the transition state. In fact, electrophilic additions to allene itself occur without exception at the terminal carbon (54). 

Hacking, Ian. The Emergence of Probability A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1975. 

Oral contraceptives Probable induction of cytochrome P450 metabolic pathway Reduced blood levels with risk of breakthrough bleeding Possible failure to prevent conception Weigh benefits of continuing use of SJW and possibiy reduced contraceptive effect... 

Anticonvulsants (e.g.. Probable induction of Reduced blood levels Monitor anticonvuisant iev-... 

Digoxin Probable induction of cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein metabolic pathways Reduced blood levels and effectiveness Toxicity upon cessation of SJW Monitor digoxin levels closely and stop SJW Readjust dose of digoxin if necessary... 

HTV protease inhibitors Probable induction of Reduced blood levels with possi- Measure HIV RNA viral... 

VASODILATOR ANTIHYPERTENSIVES-BOSENTAN SILDENAFIL 1 sildenafil levels Probable induction of metabolism Watch for poor response... 

With a few exceptions, the variation in the absorption spectrum with central metal ion is even less marked in the phthalocyanine series. This is particularly true of the position of the red band, which is almost independent of the central metal ion. There appears to be no obvious relationship between the electronegativity of the metal ion and the absorption maxima in the phthalocyanine series (214). This is readily understood since there is no metal orbital of biu or biu symmetry, and the metal e orbitals will, in general, have too low an energy to interact with the phthalocyanine e orbital involved in the transition. The small variations which do occur in the red band are therefore probably inductive rather than conjugative. The Soret band, in the blue, does vary slightly with metal ion, and it seems probable that the transition involves the a2u orbital admixed by configurational interaction (see also Section VII). 

Dempster A.P. 1967. Upper and lower probabilities inducted by a multi-valued mapping. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 38,1967, 325-339. USA. 

Hacking I (1984) The emergence of probability a philosophical study of early ideas about probability, induction and statistical inference. Cambridge University Press, London... 

The object [for the observational sciences] is given in advance and is independent of the scientist s will and activity the general relationships that they can discern or establish are based on more or less probable inductions, or even on simple conjectures that it is impossible to verify beyond the... 

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