Climatic trends

TABLE 5.3 Monthly River Discharge, Precipitation, Evaporation, and Humidity Where 

Available, the Standard Deviation is Given in the Lower Row and Peak Values are Given in 

FIGURE 5.6 Averaged air temperature anomaly (°C) of the Northern Hemisphere (20-90° N) during the winter (JFM January-March) and summer season (JAS July-September) on the database provided by (NO A A, 2006b). 

From the series of daily Warnemunde air temperatures (1947-2005) result corresponding trends for the summer (JAS) and winter (JFM) to be even 1.7°C/100 year and 4.3 C/1 ()() year. By using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather satellite data (1990-2004), Siegel et al. (2006) reported the comparable overall trend of about 5°C/ 100 year in the sea surface temperature off Arkona. All these trends are modulated by significant interannual fluctuations, as shown in Fig 5.7. Moreover, such local trends vary 

FIGURE 5.7 Time series of summer (JAS, upper curve) and winter (JFM, lower curve) dry air temperatures at Warnemunde (1947-2005) involved trends are indicated by straight lines. 

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The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) is the division of NOAA that conducts and directs oceanic and atmospheric research. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and fossil fuels are the leading generator of carbon dioxide, the work of the twelve Environmental Research Laboratories and eleven Joint Institutes of OAR to describe, monitor, and assess climate trends are of great interest to all parties interested in the affect of energy use on climate change. 

Fu GB, Chen SL, Liu CM et al (2004) Hydro-climatic trends of the Yellow River basin for the last 50 years. Clim Change 65 149-178... 

Figure 3.1. Regional variation in 5 C values due to climatic influences as observed in Holocene charcoal samples. Note the north-south climatic trend, combined with an Atlantic-continental trend (west to east).

Figure 3.3. Average carbon isotopic ratios for human bone collagen samples, corrected for climatic trends. Only countries with more than 10 samples are included. For a description of the climate correction procedure see text.

The presence of water as solid, liquid, and gas is a feature that makes Earth unique in the solar system and that makes life possible as we know it. The transport of water and the energy exchanged as it is converted from one state to another are important drivers in our weather and climate. One of the key missions is to develop a better understanding of the global water cycle at a variety of scales so that we can improve model forecasts of climate trends,... 

Latemser M, Schneebeli M (2003) Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931-1999). Int J Climatol 23 733-750. doi 10.1002/joc.912... 

In spite of the many questions about possible future climate changes, many authorities now accept a general scenario that they think can reasonably predict future climate trends. It is based on a number of assumptions about climate, some of which can he re-... 

Clay sampling for brick and tile studies from St. Maty s County, 368-369 Climatic trends... 

The growth of population size and trends in civilization development bring with them many problems of global ecodynamics, especially the impact of society on climatic trends. The broader issues of the ecological, economic, and human effects of climate change were considered by Hardy (2003). The following aspects of the climate change problem were explained ... 

Essentially, this concerns formation of a software package, the input to which will be data on the spatial distribution of land and marine ecosystems, as well as sets of scenarios of anthropogenic processes and climatic trends. Such a database will be continuously updated and provide sequences of models to provide reliable forecasts of the dynamics of these ecosystems and will facilitate realization of hypothetic scenarios for Arctic environmental control. 

This section introduced a methodology to move from a verbal description of biocomplexity to its numerical representation. In future studies it will be necessary to take into consideration bottom relief, climate trends, ice field dynamics, detailed components of the trophic pyramid, bottom sediments, and the structure of currents. Also, it will be necessary to add to Formula (6.31) elements describing anthropogenic impacts on the ecosystem considered in a socio-economic sense. 

The latter attract attention because they can be compared with present climate trends and, to some extent, can be used as analog of possible climate change in the future. Such attempts are ongoing, though the incorrectness of paleo-analogs for prediction of future climate has been substantiated repeatedly and convincingly. Other characteristics of the environment are reduced (somehow or other) to characteristics of climate. 

How well can long-term climatic trends be assessed or predicted ... 

In addition to the depth versus climate trend, there is a predictable and repeatable trend of carbonate amount and morphology with time (Gile et al. (1966) Figure 20) due to the... 

Wang H., Liu C. L., and Follmer L. R. (1998) Climatic trend and habitat variation based on oxygen and carbon isotopes in paleosols from Liujiapo, Shaanxi, China. Quat. Int. 51/52, 52-54. 

These events occurred within the context of very complex and still controversial relationships between northern and southern hemisphere climate trends and the influence of Earth s variable orbital conhguration (see, e.g., Steig et al., 1998 Bender et al., 1999 Henderson and Slowey, 2000 Alley et al., 2002). Asynchronies between northern and southern climate are particularly (perhaps uniquely) apparent in the record of the most recent glacial termination. As shown in Figure 10, these... 

Hints of future climatic trends in the distant past paleoplant responses to a modified environmental chemistry. 

R. Pienitz, J.P. Smol, G.M. MacDonald (1999). Paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climatic trends from two boreal treeline lakes. Northwest Territories, Canada. Arc. Antarc. Alp. Res., 31, 82-93. 

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