Interannual fluctuations

Fig. 11-22 (a) Interannual fluctuations of the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 determined from the average of... 

Since methodical studies on the metabolism of fish are relatively recent, the data are rarely sufficient to establish complete interannual cycles, so we are limited here to describing independent interannual fluctuations of various kinds. 

From the series of daily Warnemunde air temperatures (1947-2005) result corresponding trends for the summer (JAS) and winter (JFM) to be even 1.7°C/100 year and 4.3 C/1 ()() year. By using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather satellite data (1990-2004), Siegel et al. (2006) reported the comparable overall trend of about 5°C/ 100 year in the sea surface temperature off Arkona. All these trends are modulated by significant interannual fluctuations, as shown in Fig 5.7. Moreover, such local trends vary... 

In the first half of the twentieth century the flora and fauna of the Aral Sea existed in quasistationary, brackish conditions [1-6]. The average salinity of waters of the high sea was 10-12 ppt. Insignificant fluctuations of level and salinity had a character of seasonal and interannual fluctuations. 

Jellyfish are caught by set-net, drift-nets, push-nets, beach-seines, weirs and hooks, with no differences among species. The fishery catch of R esculentum was characterized by large interannual fluctuations, caused by natural variations in the jellyfish populations, and a short fishing season (2-4 months) and consequently remained at a small scale before 1970 (Fig. 13.2). 

Cycles established as statistically real are the familiar annual and diurnal radiation/temperature cycles, a quasibiennial (about every 2 years) fluctuation in various climatic elements, and the interannual variability of June rainfall in northern India. The first merely means that winters are cooler than summers and nights are cooler than days. Examples of the second cycle include Midwestern rainfall, a lengthy temperature record from central England, and winds over the western Paciflc and eastern Indian Ocean. According to Campbell et al (19), the third cycle may be a response to the monthly solar-lunar tide and its influence on the monsoon circulation. 

Evidence for seasonal fluctuations in the export of sinking POM from the euphotic zone has been obtained from sediment trap studies. As shown in Figure 23.3, seasonal variations in the flux of sinking biogenic hard and soft parts are detectable even in the deep zone. Furthermore, interannual variations in POC and PIC production lead to similar shifts in the deepwater fluxes of these particles. 

Long-term fluctuations in lipid accumulation by Black Sea sprat during the summer post-feeding period, when their fat reserve is at its peak, were observed from 1960 to 1994 and this work continues (Shulman et al.t 1994). Interannual variability in the lipid content, though small, is real, with a coefficient of variation of 12-15%, as estimated at certain points of this period of time. 

Hood et al. (2001) Modeling analysis indicates significant interannual variability in N2-fixation at BATS variability linked to decadal-scale fluctuations in the North Atlantic climate... 

Except for the war gaps, the time series is fairly complete over the last century. The pronounced seasonal oscillations show a warming trend for both the annual minima and the maxima. Fluctuations on the decadal scale are clearly discernible. More details about the trend and the interannual variability are discussed in Chapter 5. 

Sea (HELCOM, 2002). Since the end of the 1970s winter nutrient concentrations fluctuate on a high level (cf. Fig. 12.3) suggesting strong interannual variations in vertical mixing. 

As documented in the first part of this chapter, distribution patterns of benthic species in the southern Baltic Sea are clearly linked with the salinity gradient (Fig. 17.5). Hydro-graphic conditions, on the contrary, are highly variable (see Chapter 10) showing short term (seasonal or interannual) or long term fluctuations (e.g., saline water inflows). In... 

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