TRENDS SINCE THE MID

There has been a general trend since the mid-1990s for the static contact mode for surface topography to be gradually replaced by the dynamic non-contact or tapping modes, except for materials examined in a liquid environment. The dynamic modes provide better image resolution and are less likely to damage the sample surface. 

This review shows that transferring Nature s principle of homogeneously soluble macromolecular catalysts to hydrogenations in fine chemicals synthesis leads to astonishing new results. There has been a clear trend since the mid 1990s in the direction of the synthesis and application of such biomimetic catalysts, especially in reductions utilizing borane or molecular hydrogen as reduction equivalents. 

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