Classical conception

Ability to dissolve substances that water will not, e.g. zinc, iron. 

Ability to react with alkalis, the characteristic properties of each substance disappearing ( neutralization ). 

The 100% acid is called glacial acetic acid because it freezes at 17 C. 

The concentrated acid is normally about 35% HCl (by mass). Anhydrous HCl is a gas, condensing to a liquid at -85 C. 

Concentrated ammonia solution normally contains about 35% NH3. 

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Similarity Variables The physical meaning of the term similarity relates to internal similitude, or self-similitude. Thus, similar solutions in boundaiy-layer flow over a horizontal flat plate are those for which the horizontal component of velocity u has the property that two velocity profiles located at different coordinates x differ only by a scale factor. The mathematical interpretation of the term similarity is a transformation of variables carried out so that a reduction in the number of independent variables is achieved. There are essentially two methods for finding similarity variables, separation of variables (not the classical concept) and the use of continuous transformation groups. The basic theoiy is available in Ames (see the references). 

The treatment of mixing of immiscible fluids starts with a description of breakup and coalescence in homogeneous flows. Classical concepts are briefly reviewed and special attention is given to recent advances—satellite formation and self-similarity. A general model, capable of handling breakup and coalescence while taking into account stretching distributions and satellite formation, is described. 

The function of lion mane is not clear. West and Packer (2002) are of the opinion that the classic concept of mane as a defensive barrier is not quite tenable. On the other hand the ethological aspect of head rubbing in the lion is just as important as that of spraying MF, indeed, the two follow in close succession. This ethological coupling ensures that both are equally frequent and so head rubbing should have... 

There is no question that, indirectly or directly, Kirrmann and Prevost were influenced by Lowry s theories for explanation of reaction mechanisms. Another important influence was Dupont, with whom they talked at length in the laboratory and who published a paper in 1927 in which he attempted to combine the electron octet theory of valence and Bohr s hydrogen electron model with classical concepts of stereochemistry. Dupont also adopted without reservation Lowry s application of ionic radicals in hydrocarbon chemistry. 66... 

The acido-basic properties of water molecules are greatly affected in restricted media such as the active sites of enzymes, reverse micelles, etc. The ability of water to accept or yield a proton is indeed related to its H-bonded structure which is, in a confined environment, different from that of bulk water. Water acidity is then best described by the concept of proton-transfer efficiency -characterized by the rate constants of deprotonation and reprotonation of solutes - instead of the classical concept of pH. Such rate constants can be determined by means of fluorescent acidic or basic probes. 

The convective diffusion theory was developed by V.G. Levich to solve specific problems in electrochemistry encountered with the rotating disc electrode. Later, he applied the classical concept of the boundary layer to a variety of practical tasks and challenges, such as particle-liquid hydrodynamics and liquid-gas interfacial problems. The conceptual transfer of the hydrodynamic boundary layer is applicable to the hydrodynamics of dissolving particles if the Peclet number (Pe) is greater than unity (Pe > 1) (9). The dimensionless Peclet number describes the relationship between convection and diffusion-driven mass transfer ... 

The Schmidt number is the ratio of kinematic viscosity to molecular diffusivity. Considering liquids in general and dissolution media in particular, the values for the kinematic viscosity usually exceed those for diffusion coefficients by a factor of 103 to 104. Thus, Prandtl or Schmidt numbers of about 103 are usually obtained. Subsequently, and in contrast to the classical concept of the boundary layer, Re numbers of magnitude of about Re > 0.01 are sufficient to generate Peclet numbers greater than 1 and to justify the hydrodynamic boundary layer concept for particle-liquid dissolution systems (Re Pr = Pe). It can be shown that [(9), term 10.15, nomenclature adapted]... 

According to the classical concept of van t Hoff one would need two operations for the conversion of 18 into its mirror image, namely the inversion of both asymmetric C-atoms. These two examples demonstrate the advantages of the present procedure for enumerating the chirality elements of molecules. 

The mobile receptor model was proposed by Cuatrecasas and by De Haen in an attempt to explain why so many different drugs, hormones, and neurotransmitters can activate adenylate cyclase. According to classical concepts, a recognition site is permanently associated with an effector site, and will regulate its operation on a one-to-one or some other stoichiometric basis. The recognition site is, of course, specific. 

An important application of the Klyne-Prelog convention is the characterization of conformations of rings2. The convention not only allows classical concepts, such as the chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane, to be defined but also allows complicated situations, as is characteristic for medium rings, to be treated in a very convenient and general way. 

The photochemical excitation delivered by a narrowly defined pump laser pulse achieves three indispensable things it sets time = 0, energizes the reactant molecules, and localizes them in space. It induces molecular coherence as excitation of each of the individual molecules involved leads to a coherent superposition of separate wave packets, a highly locahzed, geometrically well-defined and moving packet—analogous to a classical system, one that can be described using classical concepts of atomic positions and momentum. 

Vanasse, G. A., and Strong, J. D. (1958). Application of Fourier transforms in Optics Interferometric spectroscopy. In Classical Concepts of Optics (J. D. Strong, ed.), Appendix F. Freeman, San Francisco. 

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