Inflow rates

The standards for LDS also specify a minimum bottom slope of 2% and require the installation of a leak detection sump of appropriate size to allow the daily monitoring of liquid levels or inflow rates in the LDS. Specifically, the sump should be designed to detect a top liner leakage rate in the range of action leakage rate (ALR) specified in the leak detection rule. 

The required flow rate can be calculated (1) directly from MTG or (2) on the basis of surface water inflow rate. To be conservative, all three calculations should be performed and the worst-case situation (e.g., that with the highest flow rate) used for the required flow rate. The various equations for determining the required flow rate or transmissivity appear below ... 

Node number Pressure p (psig) Inflow rate w (gpm)... 

Water is flowing into the top of a tank at a rate of 200 gpm. The tank is 18 in. in diameter and has a 3 in. diameter hole in the bottom, through which the water flows out. If the inflow rate is adjusted to match the outflow rate, what will the height of the water be in the tank if friction is negligible ... 

Thus the mass of stars and that of the whole system steadily increase while z soon approaches 1 and the stellar metallicity distribution is very narrow (see Fig. 8.24). The accretion rate is constant in time if the star formation rate is any fixed function of the mass of gas. Other models in which the accretion rate is constant, but less than in the extreme model, have been quite often considered in the older literature (e.g. Twarog 1980), but are less popular now because they are not well motivated from a dynamical point of view, there is an upper limit to the present inflow rate into the whole Galaxy of about 1 M0yr 1 from X-ray data (Cox Smith 1976) and they do not provide a very good fit to the observed metallicity distribution function. 

Analytical models with declining inflow rates... 

This, however, can be generalized (except for cases where actual time is significant, as in the age-metallicity relation or cosmochronology) by letting co vary arbitrarily with time and defining a time-like variable u by Eq. (8.17). Clayton (1985ab, 1987, 1988) has developed a very convenient series of models in which the inflow rate is... 

Fig. 11.8. N/O vs. O/H in stars and H n regions, from various sources, fitted with an analytical model, a is the coefficient in a Twarog-type inflow model with inflow rate = aaf. After Henry, Edmunds and Koppen (2000).

The dimensionless fuel supply and air inflow rate can be described, accordingly, as and m A respectively. The entrainment rate depends on the height over which entrainment... 

Outflow Rate Exceeds Inflow Rate If material is being withdrawn from a tank or vessel faster than the incoming rate to compensate for the removal suction a vacuum will occur. If the vessel or tank is not strong enough to withstand the negative pressure levels it will collapse in on itself... 

The effective outflow and inflow rates for the example in Fig. 7.2 are then given by12... 

The effective inflow rates Qk for k = N, S, E, W can be computed for every grid cell as described above. Using the cell volume Vh a characteristic time step can be computed for each cell ... 

Example 1.1. Figure 1.1 shows a tank into which an incompressible (constant-density) liquid is pumped at a variable rate (ftVs)- This inflow rate can vary with... 

The rate of pulp lay-down F on a paper machine is controlled by controlling both the pressure P and the height of slurry h in a feeder drum with cross-sectional area A. F is proportional to the square root of the pressure at the exit sHt. The air vent rate G is proportional to the square root of the air pressure in the box P. Feedback controllers set the inflow rates of air Gq and slurry Fq to hold P and h. The system is isothermal. 

Results are plotted in Fig. 5.1. Notice that the tank can overflow if the inflow rate is changed from 50 to 100 percent of design. So even though the level... 

A) Show that there b no steadystate ofliiet of level from the setpoint for step changes in inflow rate. 

The inflow rate can change considerably with time originally strong flows (tunnel construction phase) decrease significantly within the first few years to teach a lower, stable level, corresponding to a new hydraulic equilibrium in the circulation system (Rybach 1995). 

The concentration of A now tends to a value which makes the net inflow rate exactly balance the chemical reaction rate. When this has happened, da/dt = 0, so the concentration becomes steady. This stationary-state concentration can be maintained indefinitely. 

By use of eq 11, this isotopic information, and the average annual precipitation and evaporation rates (0.79 and 0.52 m/year, respectively), the average annual groundwater inflow rate to Sparkling Lake was estimated to be 0.27 m/year (expressed as the volumetric flow rate divided by the surface... 

Groundwater-inflow rates as calculated by the solute and isotope mass-balance methods for several northern Wisconsin lakes are listed in Table I. Dissolved calcium was used as the solute tracer because it is the constituent whose concentration differs the most between groundwater and precipitation, the two input components to be separated by the method. In addition, calcium is nearly conservative in the soft-water, moderately acidic to cir-cum-neutral lakes in northern Wisconsin. Results from the two methods agree relatively well, except for Crystal Lake, where groundwater-flow reversals are frequent. 

In the lakes investigated in northern Wisconsin, groundwater-inflow rates ranged from negligible to nearly 25% of the total inflow (Gj/S inflow terms). 

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