Multiple circulation cells

Figure 3. Multiple Circulation Cell Models [a) Joshi and Sharma (1979), b) Van Akker and Rietema (1979), c) Joshi (1980)].

Prediction of liquid recirculation based on the early inviscid models of Freedman and Davidson (1969) and Whalley and Davidson (1974) is only applicable to shallow tanks stirred with gas plumes. Extending the so-called principle of minimization of maximum vorticity to tall columns, lead Joshi and Sharma (1979) to conclude that multiple circulation cells of height equal to column diameter are present (Figure 3a). 

Stagnant, multiple circulation cells of height equal to diameter do not exist. 

At space displacements greater than one column-diameter we observed significant deviations from this linear relation between the time of maximal correlation and the distance between the probes. Sharp peaks appear at those space displacements which are multiples of the column diameter D however, they disappear after introducing some disturbing bodies into the flow (e.g. plexiglass rods). These findings lend some support to the assumption of convective flow cells within the bubble column. These coherent structures could be the circulation cells proposed by Joshi and Sharma (7). 

The Zn/Br redox flow battery (RFB) is a modular system comprising a cell stack containing functional electrodes attached to current collectors (separated via membranes), electrolyte storage tanks/reservoirs, delivery pumps and pipes. The RFB relies on the electrolyte circulation system to deliver electrochemically active species to electrode surfaces in order to achieve charge transfer and cause electrical current to flow. A simple Zn/Br unit cell is illustrated in Fig. 2.1, with multiple such cells combined in series to create a practical battery. 

CARPT experiments in bubble columns demonstrate that while liquid circulation is always present in the column, stationary multiple recirculation cells with height equal to column diameter are not. Secondary cells may exist in the entry region at lower gas velocities (bubble flow regime). The entry length is then limited to 1 to 1.5 column diameter. Similar recirculation profiles were reported for solids in fluidized beds (Moslemian etal., 1989). 

Priliximab (cM-T412) is an anti-CD4 chimeric monoclonal antibody that was evaluated in the clinic for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Priliximab binds to CD4 on the surface of T cells and leads to a profound and sustained decrease in circulating CD4+ T cells decreased counts have been reported to be below normal levels at 18 and 30 months following single- and multiple-infusions.81 Similar findings were observed in preclinical studies in chimpanzees.82 The administration of priliximab was also associated with a cytokine-release syndrome that caused transient fever, myalgia, chills, headache, nausea, and/or hypotension that was accompanied by an increase in serum IL-6. Although evidence of efficacy was observed in clinical trials for CD, the... 

---