Cinnamon bark

The most important considerations in marketing and estabUshing a crop from a new source are constancy of supply and quahty. Eor some spices, it is difficult to reduce labor costs, as some crops demand individual manual treatment even if grown on dedicated plantations. Only the individual stigmas of the saffron flower must be picked cinnamon bark must be cut, peeled, and roUed in strips mature unopened clove buds must be picked by hand and orchid blossoms must be hand pollinated to produce the vanilla bean. 

Methyl Amyl Ketone. Methyl amyl ketone [110-43-0] (MAK) (2-heptanone) is a colorless Hquid with a faint fmity (banana) odor. It is found in oil of cloves and cinnamon-bark oil, and is manufactured by the condensation of acetone and butyraldehyde (158). Other preparations are known (159-162). 

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

Cinnamaldehyde has been efficiently isolated in high purity by fractional distillation from cassia and cinnamon bark essential oils. This material has been utili2ed in several manufacturing protocols (39—41) for the preparation of natural ben2aldehyde through a retro-aldol process. Since the late 1970s the demand for natural flavors has increased dramatically. This demand has led to a corresponding requirement for a more extensive line of readily available natural aroma chemicals for flavor creation. 

Hydrocinnamic aldehyde, CgHj O, exists in cinnamon bark oil. It has the constitution—... 

Zimtrinde, /. cinnamon bark, zimtsauer, a. of or combined with cinnamic acid, cinnamate of. 

OEl55 Onderoglu, S., S. Sozer, K. M. Erbil, R. Ortac, and F. Lermioglu. The evaluation of long-term effects of cinnamon bark and olive leaf on toxicity induced by streptozotocin administration to rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999 51(11) 1305-1312. 

Nunoura, C. Umezawa, and K. Z0246 Yoneda. Studies on effect of crude drugs on enzyme activities. 1. Influence of cinnamon bark upon protein diges- Z0247 tive action by pancreatin. Shoyaku-gaku Zasshi 1982 36 11-16. 

Raw materials are isolated from various parts of plants, e.g., blossoms, buds, fruit, peel, seeds, leaves, bark, wood, roots, or from resinous exudates. Different parts of the same plant may yield products with different compositions. For instance, steam distillation of the bark of the cinnamon tree gives cinnamon bark oil, which contains mainly cinnamaldehyde, whereas cinnamon leaf oil obtained from the leaves of the tree contains eugenol as its major constituent. 

In contrast to cinnamon bark oil, cassia oil contains a considerable amount of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (3—15%) in addition to its main constituent, cinnamaldehyde (70-88%) [346-350a]. Cassia oil is used predominantly in flavoring soft drinks (cola-type). Aimually a few hundred tons are are produced. FCT 1975 (13) p. 109 [8007-80-5], [91844-89-2],... 

Sri Lanka cinnamon bark oil is obtained by steam distillation of the dried bark of the cinnamon tree. It is a yellow liquid with the odor and burned-spicy taste of cinnamon. Main constituent is ciimamaldehyde [350, 350a, 355 356]. 

Cinnamon bark, Ceylon Cinnamomum zey-lanicum Nees Cinnamaldehyde (55-75)... 

Since cinnamyl aldehyde is the main component of cassia oil (approximately 90%) and Sri Lanka cinnamon bark oil (approximately 75%) [49], it is industrially more important to generate cinnamyl alcohol, which is less abundantly available from nature but is important as cinnamon flavour, by biotransformation of natural cinnamyl aldehyde than vice versa. Recently, a whole-cell reduction of cinnamyl aldehyde with a conversion yield of 98% at very high precursor concentrations of up to 166 g L was described [136]. Escherichia coli DSM 14459 expressing a NADPH-dependent R alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir and a glucose dehydrogenase from Thermoplasma acidophilum for intracellular cofactor regeneration was applied as the biocatalyst (Scheme 23.8). 

Cinnamomum zeglanicum Blume Ceylon Rou Gui (Ceylon cinnamon) (bark) Cinnamic aldehyde, p-cymene, hydrocinnamic aldehyde, pinene, benzaldehyde, cuminic aldehyde, nonylic aldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, 1-phellandrine, methyl-n-amyl ketone, 1-linalool.60 Stimulant to digestion, respiration, circulation. 

Some herbs and spices are comparatively rich in various HBAs. After hydrolysis, protocatechuic acid is die dominant HBA in cinnamon bark (23-27 mg/kg), accompanied by salicylic acid (7 mg/kg) and syringic acid (8 mg/kg). Gallic acid dominates in clove buds (175 mg/kg) and is accompanied by protocatechuic acid (10 mg/kg), genistic acid/4-HBA (7 mg/kg) and syringic acid (8 mg/kg) [4]. The fruit of anise (Pimpinella anisum) contains 730-1080 mg/kg of the glucoside of 4-HBA [3]. 

Cinnamon bark Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae) dried bark 1-2 cinnamaldehyde (70-80) eugenol (1-13) cinnamyl acetate (3-4) flavour, carminative, aromatherapy... 

Cinnamon is believed to have antispasmodic, carminative, orexigenic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, refrigerant, and anthelmintic properties. It is used for anorexia, intestinal colic, infantile diarrhea, common cold, influenza, and specifically for flatulent colic and dyspepsia with nausea. Cinnamon bark is also an astringent, and cinnamon oil is reported to possess carminative and antiseptic properties. 

The Herbal Blend, composed of equal parts by weight of cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), acerola fruit (Malpighia glabra), and Spanish needles powder (Bidens pilosa), was one of the first combination formulas assayed. Surprisingly, it showed synergistic inhibition of histamine release The sum of the inhibition of the three ingredients was 10.2% of control, whereas their combination inhibited histamine release to -52% (i.e., to below the concentration of histamine found in unstimulated cells). 

Castoreum is of particular importance in Shalimar, forming the basis of the leather aspect of the perfume, which may be further developed by the use of a leather base, such as a classic Cuir de Russie. The same idea was used by Guerlain in Mitsouko, one of the earliest of the chypre perfumes to contain also a fruity note based on aldehyde C14 (undecalactone). Cinnamon bark oil, which forms part of the spicy aspect of the perfume, fits in perfectly with the leather. Other spices that work well are coriander, nutmeg, and clove. 

Sri Lanka is the major cinnamon-producing country in the world and it controls 60% of the world cinnamon trade. About 24,000 ha are under cinnamon cultivation in Sri Lanka, producing 12,000t quills (long, compound rolls of cinnamon bark measuring up to lm in length) per year. Sri Lanka produces the best quality of cinnamon bark, mainly as quills. It also produces annually around 1201 leaf oil and 4-51 bark oil. Cinnamon leaf oil is produced in Sri Lanka and the Seychelles, though the bark... 

The cinnamon of commerce is the dried inner bark of the tree, C. vemm. ft is an essential item in curry powders and masalas. The bark oil, bark oleoresin and leaf oil are important value-added products from cinnamon. Bark oil is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Cinnamon leaf oil is cheaper than bark oil and is used in the flavour industry. Cinnamon oleoresin, obtained by solvent extraction of the bark, is used mainly for flavouring food products such as cakes and confectionary. As in the case of cinnamon, the volatile oil and oleoresin from cassia are also used extensively in flavouring, especially soft drinks and other beverages. 

---