Chronic epidemiology

With regard to human health effects of MBOCA, the few available studies were either case reports of acute occupational exposure or involved intermediate or chronic epidemiological studies. Acute exposures to MBOCA were by the inhalation, oral, or dermal routes, although in some studies it was difficult to clearly define the exposure route. Intermediate exposures were by either inhalation and/or dermal contact no intermediate oral exposure studies were located. Chronic exposure in humans occurred by inhalation and/or dermal contact no chronic oral studies were located. No information is available regarding immunological, neurologic, reproductive, developmental, or genotoxic effect in humans by any route of exposure. Studies on cancer incidence in humans after inhalation and/or dermal exposure to MBOCA were located. 

Epidemiological studies of nickel-producing and nickel-using workers seldom indicate excess mortaUty from nonmalignant respiratory disease. Evidence for such effects exists mainly as a few reports of isolated incidents of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema in nickel workers. Nickel may or may not play a causal role in these incidents (131). 

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a randomized epidemiological study on patients who had received morphine nerve paste post-operatively for pain management purposes. Ninety-four percent of the patients used in the cohort presented themselves with surgical-site comphcations such as edema and inflammation 24 days (median) post-operation. Upon culturing of the wounds, 64% tested positive for bacterial infection. It is important to note that aU of the patients were found to have residual morphine paste on board indicative of a chronic morphine state (Sacerdote et al. 2000). 

A) The examination, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic information and epidemiologic evaluations on a hazardous substance to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated acute, subacute, and chronic health effects ... 

In the Unites States, the daily intake of 3-carotene is around 2 mg/day Several epidemiological studies have reported that consumption of carotenoid-rich foods is associated with reduced risks of certain chronic diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. These preventive effects of carotenoids may be related to their major function as vitamin A precursors and/or their actions as antioxidants, modulators of the immune response, and inducers of gap-junction communications. Not all carotenoids exert similar protective effects against specific diseases. By reason of the potential use of carotenoids as natural food colorants and/or for their health-promoting effects, research has focused on better understanding how they are absorbed by and metabolized in the human body. 

Lerner, S.E., and Burns, R.S. Phencyclidine use among youth History, epidemiology and acute and chronic intoxication. In Peterson, R.C. and Stillman, R.C., eds. Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse An Apprai sal. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 21. DHEW Pub. No. (ADM) 78-728. Washington, D.C ... 

Banks PA. Epidemiology, natural history, and predictors of disease outcome in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002 56(6 Suppl) S226-S230. 

While initiation of the use of substances is often in middle and high school, chronic use may be established in young adulthood. The National Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey reported that 16.2% of its 18- to 29-year-old sample met criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence.3... 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. No epidemiological studies were located. However, prior to conducting any large-scale studies, animal studies are needed to determine what, if any, chronic health effects occur after exposure to diisopropyl methylphosphonate. In addition, appropriate cohorts would be very difficult to identify. 

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