Organic transcription

In eukaryotic organisms, transcription regulation is a complex process that demands coordinated interaction of several genetic elements. The efficiency of this process mainly depends on the promoter/enhancer sequences, the copy number of the gene, and the structure and elements present at the insertion site in the host s chromatin. On the other hand, the co-transcriptional modifications (capping, splicing, polyadenylation, and transport to cytoplasm) on the primary transcript determine the stability, turnover rate, and translational capacity of the future mRNA. 

The systemic transport of pathway intermediates or end-products might also occur in BA biosynthesis. Several BA biosynthetic enzymes are preferentially active in certain organs. Transcripts encoding various TYDC isoforms were most abundant in roots, or roots and stems.3 NCS was also most active in roots and stems of opium poppy,112 whereas CYP80B1 transcripts were most abundant in stems followed by roots, leaves, and floral tissues.148 STS and SOR, which convert (R)-reticuline to salutaridinol, exhibited abundant activity in roots and shoots.40,41 In contrast, COR... 

A FIGURE 4-12 Comparison of gene organization, transcription, and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 

Simpson L. The mitochondrial genome of kinetoplastid protozoa Genomic organization, transcription, replication, and evolution. Armu Rev Microbiol 1987 41 363-82. 

Lux H, Flammann H, Lux A. Genetic and moleeular analyses of PEGIO reveal new aspeets of genomic organization, transcription and translation. PLoS One. 2010 5(1) e8686. doi 10.137 l/joumal.pone.000868. 

Genes are DNA and carry the inheritable characteristics of an organism and these characteristics are normally expressed at the molecular level via protein synthesis Gene expression consists of two stages transcription and translation, both of which involve RNAs Sections 28 11 and 28 12 describe these RNAs and their roles m transcription and translation... 

Disease States. Rickets is the most common disease associated with vitamin D deficiency. Many other disease states have been shown to be related to vitamin D. These can iavolve a lack of the vitamin, deficient synthesis of the metaboUtes from the vitamin, deficient control mechanisms, or defective organ receptors. The control of calcium and phosphoms is essential ia the maintenance of normal cellular biochemistry, eg, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and enzyme function. The vitamin D metaboUtes also have a function ia cell proliferation. They iateract with other factors and receptors to regulate gene transcription. 

Chromosomal organization, DNA replication, transcription, ribosome synthesis, and mitosis in plant cells are grossly similar to the analogous features in animals. 

Between 5,000 and 100,000 GR molecules are found within almost every cell of the organism. The affinity constant for cortisol comes to around 30 nM, which is in the range of the concentration of free hormone in the plasma under normal conditions. Consequently, receptor occupancy can be expected to be 10-70%. This suggests that changes in cortisol secretion such as under stress conditions, directly translate into alterations in GR occupancy, leading to transcriptional responses. 

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