Chromatography, of amino acids and

Engel, M. H. and P. E. Hare (1985), Gas liquid chromatography of amino acids and their derivatives, in Barrett, G. C. (ed.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Amino Acids, Chapman Hall, London, pp. 462-499. 

K Stulik, V Pacakova, H Wang. High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids and dipeptides on new ion exchangers of the HEMA series. J Chromatogr 552 439-448, 1991. 

Desideri, P.G., Lepri, L., Merlini, L., and Checchini, L., High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids and peptides on silica coated with ammonium tungstophosphate, J. Chromatogr., 370, 75, 1986. 

K4. Kerkut, G. A., and Shapira, A., Thin-layer chromatography of amino acids and sugars. In Experiments in Physiology and Biochemistry (G. A. Kerkut, ed.), pp. 353-359. Academic Press, New York, 1968. 

W14. Wiggins, L. F., and Williams, J. H., Use of i-butanol-formio acid-water mixture in the paper chromatography of amino-acids and sugars. Nature (London) 170, 279-280 (1952). 

Heam and co-workers [460,461] have published a series of results relating amino acid hydrophobicity to reversed-phase retention of amino acids and peptides. The authors used wide-pore C4 or C]g columns and a gradient of IPA/acetonitrile/water (0.1% TEA) in generating results. A total of 1738 peptides covering 12 previously generated amino acid hydrophobicity scales were part of the study. Predicted and actual retention times of overlapping heptamers in myohemerythrin were presented. This study and previous studies cited therein offer excellent theoretieal and experimental bases for the predictive chromatography of amino acids and peptides. 

L. Lepri, P. G. Desideri, and D. Heimler, Thin-layer chromatography of amino acids and dipeptides on RP-2, RP-8 and RP-18 plates impregnated with dodecylbenzensulphonic add, J.Chromatogr. 209 312 (1981). 

IsHii, S. Ion-exchange chromatography of amino acids and peptides. I. A new determination method of basic amino acids on a carboxylic acid resin. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 43, 531—537 (1956). 

Biomolecule Separations. Advances in chemical separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) and sedimentation field flow fractionation (sfff) allow for the isolation of nanogram quantities of amino acids and proteins, as weU as the characterization of large biomolecules (63—68) (see Biopolymers, analytical techniques). The two aforementioned techniques, as weU as chromatography and centrifugation, ate all based upon the differential migration of materials. Trends in the area of separations are toward the manipulation of smaller sample volumes, more rapid purification and analysis of materials, higher resolution of complex mixtures, milder conditions, and higher recovery (69). 

Moore, S., Spackman, D., and Stein, W. H., 1958. Chromatography of amino acids on sulfonated polystyrene resins. Analytical Chemistry 30 1185-1190. 

G. Haugaard and T. D. Kroner, Partition chromatography of amino acids with applied voltage , 7. Am. Chem. Soc. 70 2135-2137 (1948). 

Aguilar, M. I., Hodder, A. N., and Hearn, M. T. W., High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. LXV. Studies on the optimisation of the reversed-phase gradient elution of polypeptides. Evaluation of retention relationships with (3-endorphin-related polypeptides, /. Chromatogr., 327, 115, 1985. 

Zammouri, A., Chanel, S., Muhr, L., and Grevillot, G., Displacement chromatography of amino acids by carbon dioxide dissolved in water, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 4860, 1999. 

Murren, C., Stelling, D., and Felstead, G., An improved buffer system for use in single-column gradient-elution ion-exchange chromatography of amino acids, /. Chromatogr., 115, 236, 1975. 

Clarke, A. R, Jandlik, P., Rocklin, R. D., Liu, Y., and Avdalovic, N., An integrated amperometry waveform for the direct, sensitive detection of amino acids and amino sugars following anion-exchange chromatography, Anal. Chem., 71, 2774,1999. 

Mateo Castro R., Domenech Carbo M.T., Peris Martinez V., Gimeno Adelantado J.V., Bosch Reig F., Study of binding media in works of art by gas chromatographic analysis of amino acids and fatty acids derivatized with ethyl chloroformate, Journal of Chromatography A, 1997, 778, 373 381. 

R.M. Castro, M.T. Domenech Carbo, V.P. Martinez, J.V. Gimeno Adelantado, F. Bosch Reig, Study of Binding Media in Works of Art by Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids Derivatized with Ethyl Chloroformate, J. Chromatography, A, 778, 373 381 (1997). 

X. Zang, J.C. Brown, J.D.H. van Heemst, A. Palumbo, P.G. Hatcher, Characterization of Amino Acids and Proteinaceous Materials using Online Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH) Thermochemolysis and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Technique, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 61, 181 193 (2001). 

Figure 10.17 Two-dimensional high voltage electrophoresis and chromatography of amino acids. Paper high voltage electrophoresis (4000 V) in an acetic acid-formic acid buffer at pH 2.0 in the first dimension followed by descending chromatography in the second dimension in an n-butanol-acetic acid-water solvent (12 3 5). The spots were visualized with a ninhydrin-collidine reagent.

Example ion-pair liquid chromatography of amino acids. Amino acids are zwitterions. The amino group can form an ion-pair with an alkanesulfonate ion (such as octanesulfonate), and the carboxyl group can form an ion-pair with a tetrabutylammonium ion, depending on the pH of the solution. 

Yu, Y-R and Wu, W-H., Simultaneous analysis of enantiomeric composition of amino acids and A -acetyl-amino acids by enantioselective chromatography. Chirality, 13, 231, 2001. 

Yarovsky, L, Aguilar, M.I., and Hearn, M.T.W., High-performance liquid-chromatography of amino-acids, peptides and proteins. 125. Molecular-dynamics simulation of n-butyl chains chemically bonded to sihca-based reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatography sorbents, 7. Chromatogr. A, 660, 75, 1994. 

Pfeifer RF and Hill DW (1983) High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids ion-exchange and reversed-phase strategies. Adv Chromatogr 22,37-69. 

Hearn, M.T., M.I. AgnUar, T. Nguyen, and M. Fridman, High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. LXXXTV. Application of derivative spectroscopy to the study of column residency effects in the reversed-phase and size-exclusion liquid chromatographic separation of proteins. J Chromatogr, 1988. 435(2) 271-84. 

I. Molnar-Perl, Quantitation of Amino Acids and Amines by Chromatography (New York Elsevier, 2005). 

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