Cholinergic system and

Jones, B. (1993). The organization of central cholinergic systems and their functional importance in sleep-waking states. In Cholinergic Function and Dysfunction. Progress in Brain Research, ed. A. Cuello. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Figure 5. Cartoon of a cholinergic synapse showing major steps in the synthesis of acetylcholine. The two major receptor types, the ionotropic nicotinic receptor and the metabotropic muscarinic receptor, are shown (see also Chapter 1). Presynaptic muscarinic (M2) and nicotinic receptors are also depicted. Drugs which have been widely used to manipulate the cholinergic systems, and which are mentioned in the text, include the muscarinic receptor antagonists scopolamine and atropine and the nicotinic receptor agonist nicotine. Anticholinesterases (discussed elsewhere in this volume) include drugs such as physostigmine, rivastigmine, donepezil, and galanthamine.

Studies of the role of central cholinergic systems and attention in humans suggest that these systems appear to help constrain the focus of attention (Callaway et al. 1992). For example, scopolamine appears to not increase stimulus processing time, but rather increases the distraction-time component of reaction time (R. Halliday et al. 1990) that increases behavioral variability and increases the chance for commission errors. 

Interactions between the Muscarinic Cholinergic System and the Dopaminergic System.26... 

Kawashima, K., Fujii, T. (2008). Basic and clinical aspects of nonneuronal acetylcholine overview of non-neuronal cholinergic systems and their biological significance. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 106 167-73. 

Patients with the Lambert-Eaton syndrome do not usually respond well to anticholinesterases. The drug 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) increases neurotransmitter release and also the action potential (by blocking potassium conductance) these actions lead to a nonspecific excitatory effect on the cholinergic system, and provide benefit. It should be taken orally, 4-5 times per day. Adverse effects... 

Jane, F. et al (1991) Pharmacological treatment of Aldieimer s disease present situation and perspectives. The role of interactions between the cholinergic system and other neuromodulatory systems in learning and memory. Synapse. 7.I5M68. 

Studies on the effects of mixtures of PBDEs and other toxicants are sparse. A recent study, however, has demonstrated that PBDE affects the cholinergic system and might be expected to interact with other environmental toxins. 25 ... 

Catalpol. Zhang et al. [233] studied the neuroprotective effects of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fresh rehmannia roots, on the cholinergic system and inflammatory cytokines in the senescent mouse brain induced by D-galactose. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity increased in senescent mouse brain and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) decreased in the basal forebrain of senescent mouse. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Ml (mAChRl) expression declined and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), interleukin-ip (IL-ip), and advanced glycation end products... 

Sastry, B. V. R, Olubadewo. J. O., and Schmidt. D. E. (1973). Placental cholinergic. system and occurrence of acetylcholine in human placenta. Fed. Proc. 32, 742A. 

Sage leaf extracts and Spanish sage oil were found to enhance memory and to be beneficial in the management of Alzheimer s disease through interaction with the cholinergic system and protection against beta-amyloid protein neurotoxicity, respectively3 ... 

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