Oxidation cholesterol and

Moriel, P., Sevanian, A., Ajzen, S., Zanella, M.T., Plavnik, F.L., Rubbo, H., and Abdalla, D.S. 2002. Nitric oxide, cholesterol oxides and endothelium-dependent vasodialation in plasma of patients with essential hypertension. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 35, 1301-1309. 

Aviram, M., and Fuhrman, B., Wine flavonoids, LDL cholesterol oxidation and atherosclerosis, in Wine A scientific exploration, Sandler, M. and Pinder, R.M. (eds.), Taylor Francis, London, 140, 2003. 

Kumar, N. Singhal, O.P. 1991. Cholesterol oxides and atherosclerosis a review. J Sci. Food Agric. 55 497-510. 

Deckert, V, Desrumaux, C., Athias, A., Duverneuil, L., Palleau, V, Gambert, R, Masson, D., Lagrost, L. (2002). Prevention of LDL alpha-tocopherol consumption, cholesterol oxidation, and vascular endothelium dysfunction by polyphenolic compounds from red wine. Atherosclerosis, 165, 41-50. 

The oxidation of LDL cholesterol is now recognized as a key event in atherosclerosis. Macrophages take up oxidized LDL cholesterol more readily, and this contributes to plaque formation. Soy isoflavones have been reported to inhibit oxidation by macrophages. Clinical trials have reported that consumption of 56-57 mg/day of isoflavones causes a significant increase (8-15%) in the lag time for cholesterol oxidation, and consequently decreased levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol. ... 

C. Candide, J.P. Reyftmann, R. Santus, J.C. Maziere, P. Morliere, S. Goldstein (1988). Modification of epsilon-amino group of lysines, cholesterol oxidation and oxidized lipid-apoprotein cross-link formation by porphyrin-photosensitized oxidation of human low density lipoproteins. Photochem. PhotobioL, 48, 137-146. 

ABSTRACT This article describes physiological properties of two classes of natural products, namely cholesterol oxides and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The cholesterol oxides, also called oxysterols, are autoxidation products of cholesterol. Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate DHEAS are formed mainly in the adrenals. The biological activities of these compounds are utilized to construct the two following hypotheses. 

Although cholesterol oxides and their biological effects have been studied for many years [125, 126], much less is known about the biological effects of phytosterol... 

Kim, J, Godber, J and Prinyawiwatkul, W (2000) Restructured beef roasts containing rice bran oil and fiber influences cholesterol oxidation and nutritional profile. J. Muscle Foods, 11, 111-127. 

Phenolic compounds have a myriad of health ben ts related to cancer prevention, effects on cardiovascular disease by inhibition of cholesterol oxidation and othar mechanisms and the process of agin anKmg others UU2). 

The path from squalene (114) to the corresponding oxide and thence to lanosterol [79-63-0] (126), C qH qO, cholesterol [57-88-5] (127), and cycloartenol [469-38-5] (128) (Fig. 6) has been demonstrated in nonphotosynthetic organisms. It has not yet been demonstrated that there is an obligatory path paralleling the one known for generation of plant sterols despite the obvious stmctural relationships of, for example, cycloartenol (128), C qH qO, to cyclobuxine-D (129), C25H42N2O. The latter, obtained from the leaves of Buxus sempervirens E., has apparentiy found use medicinally for many disorders, from skin and venereal diseases to treatment of malaria and tuberculosis. In addition to cyclobuxine-D [2241-90-9] (129) from the Buxaceae, steroidal alkaloids are also found in the Solanaceae, Apocynaceae, and LiUaceae. 

Dehydrocholesterol has also been made from cholesterol by the Windaus procedure (Pig. 2) the 3,7-dibenzoate (16) is obtained (via (14) and (15) by oxidation and reduction), which undergoes thermal elimination to give the 7-dehydrocholesteryl benzoate (11) (42—44). However, the yields are substantially lower than those achieved by the brornination—dehydrobrornination method. 

The earliest attempts to prepare deuterated steroids were carried out by exchange reactions of aliphatic hydrogens with deuterium in the presence of a surface catalyst. Cholesterol, for example, has been treated with platinum in a mixture of deuterium oxide and acetic acid-OD, and was found to yield... 

Tart cherries Cirmamic acid derivatives, anthocyanins and flavonols dominate Raw and cooked beef patties Reduces secondary lipid oxidation and cholesterol oxidation products up to 90% Britt et al., 1998... 

Enrichment of processed food with plant material or plant extracts rich in polyphenols has two aspects in relation to human nutrition and human health. Food protected against oxidation has better keeping quality and will stay healthy longer since formation of toxic oxidation products, like cholesterol oxides, is being prevented (Britt et al., 1998). The other aspect is the beneficial effects of the intake of polyphenols on human health. Both of these aspects are, however, related to the availability of the phenolic substances. 

XU z, HUA N, GODBER s (2001) Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and y-oryzanol components from rice bran against cholesterol oxidation accelerated by 2, 2 -azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. J Agri Food Chem, 49 2077-81. 

Recent findings from the ATBC stndy even showed that P-carotene snpple-mentation increased the post-trial risk of a hrst-ever non-fatal MI. Two secondary prevention trials, the Heart Protection Stndy and the ATBC presented similar resnlts. The former showed no association between P-carotene and fatal or non-fatal vascular events and the latter reported signihcantly increased risks of fatal coronary events in the P-carotene-snpplemented gronp. Resnlts of clinical trials focused on the effects of carotenoids on CVD biomarkers are controversial. Although carotenoid supplementation increased sernm levels,only lycopene was shown to be inversely associated with lipid, protein, DNA and LDL oxidation, and plasma cholesterol levels. - - ... 

Studies conducted by Barenghi eta.1. (1990) and Lodge etal. (1993) independently have demonstrated the facile, multicomponent analysis of a wide range of PUFA-derived peroxidation products (e.g. conjugated dienes, epoxides and oxysterols) in samples of oxidized LDL by high-field H-NMR spectroscopy. Figure 1.9 shows the applications of this technique to the detection of cholesterol oxidation products (7-ketocholesterol and the 5a, 6a and 5/3,60-epoxides) in isolated samples of plasma LDL pretreated with added coppcr(Il) or an admixture of this metal ion with H2O2, an experiment conducted in the authors laboratories. 

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