Cholesterol elevation

Atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease which is characterized by cholesterol-containing thickening of arterial walls. Saturated fatty acids, high levels of cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated serum lipoprotein are well-knowm risk... 

Katan, M. B. and Urgert, R., The cholesterol-elevating factor from coffee beans, Colloq. Sci. Int. Cafe, 16th (Vol.l), 49, 1995. (CA124 173701m)... 

Cholesterol elevation Ticlopidine therapy causes increased serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Serum total cholesterol levels are increased 8% to 10% within 1 month of therapy and persist at that level. The ratios of lipoprotein subtractions are unchanged. 

Serum cholesterol elevation Clinically relevant increases in serum cholesterol were recorded in venlafaxine-treated patients in placebo-controlled trials. Consider measurement of serum cholesterol levels during long-term treatment. 

The longer chained fatty acids, lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids are all cholesterol elevating fatty acids and it is possible that myrictic acid is the most cholesterol elevating fatty acid. Stearic acid is, however, different from the other longer chained fatty acids present in dairy fat since it may have neutral effects on cholesterol level (Katan et ah, 1994). The proportion of stearic acid in milk fat is about 11% (Lindmark-Mansson et ah, 2003). 

Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance per se are frequently associated with dyslipidemia (i.e., borderline elevation of LDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol), and a markedly increased incidence of atherosclerotic disease (i.e., coronary, cerebral, and peripheral artery disease). Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is... 

By far the most telling negative nutritional aspect of milk fat is the belief that its content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol elevate plasma cholesterol levels, which is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). During the early 1950s, it was found that the type of fat in the diet could influence plasma cholesterol level. Ahrens et al. (1957) showed that diets containing saturated fats, such as beef, lard and milk fat, produced higher plasma cholesterol levels than diets containing unsaturated fat like safflower and corn oil when they were fed under strict metabolic-ward conditions. Later, Connor (1961) reported that the level of cholesterol in the diet also influenced plasma cholesterol level. 

Clinical studies show that dietary cholesterol is a less potent regulator of plasma cholesterol than are saturated fatty acids. Results from meta-analyses predict that plasma cholesterol response to a 100 mg/day change in dietary cholesterol will be from 0.06 to 0.07 mmol/L. The data show that although dietary cholesterol elevates plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level, it also increases the level of HDL-cholesterol such that there is little overall effect on the LDL HDL ratio (McNamara, 2000). 

In addition, numerous life-threatening adverse reactions have come to the forefront with the newer atypicals, such as hypertension cardiovascular disease, including stroke in the elderly obesity elevated serum cholesterol elevated blood sugar diabetes and pancreatitis. Finally, there is compelling new evidence linking neuroleptic use to premature death. 

Katan M.B. and Urgert R. (1995) The cholesterol-elevating factor from cofee beans. 16th Int. Colloq. Chem. Coffee (Kyoto, 9-14.4.1995) (ASIC, 1995), 49-56. 

Thioureas 173 (R = Me, Et) react with PCls in boiling benzene to furnish 1-oxa-2,4-diazines 174 (Equation 31), which were found to have serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-elevating activity <2004JME681, 2002W02002028845>. 

In spite of the emphasis which has been put on the cholesterol moiety, it is possible that the cause for the increase in plasma beta-lipoproteins actually resides with the protein moiety or with abnormal binding of protein to cholesterol. Alternatively, the phospholipid moiety may be involved primarily, while cholesterol elevation may only be secondary. Here is a particularly interesting field for future investigation. 

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