Potent regulation

Leukotrlenes LIpoxIns Are Potent Regulators of Many Disease Processes... 

Georges F., Aston-Jones G. (2001). Potent regulation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J. Neurosci. 21(16), RC160. 

Chiocchetti, A., Zhou, J., Zhu, H., Karl, T., Haubenreisser, O., Rinnerthaler, M., Heeren, G., Oender, K., Bauer, J., Hintner, H., Breitenbach, M., and Breitenbach-Koller, L. (2007). Ribosomal proteins RpllO and Rps6 are potent regulators of yeast replicative life span. 

Membrane sphingolipids also can serve as sources of intracellular messengers. Both ceramide and sphingomyelin (Fig. 10-12) are potent regulators of protein... 

Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate Is a Potent Regulator of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis... 

Shermilamines B (37) and C (38) (and also diplamine 46) showed dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation in HCT cells in vitro and inhibited the topoisomerase (TOPO) II-mediated decatenation of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) in a dose-dependent manner [41]. These results suggest a possible cytotoxicity mechanism for these compounds. Furthermore, shermilamine B also displayed cytotoxicity against KB cells [43] and was reported as a potent regulator of cellular growth and differentiation, affecting cAMP-mediated processes [44]. 

Bcardsky, T, Vitamin A and Its Cousins arc Potent Regulators of Cells, Set. Amer.. 16 (Febmaiy 1991). 

T3 seems to act through a post-transcriptional mechanism that perhaps does not involve the classical thyroid hormone receptor [4], This is supported by the finding that T4 and rT3 are even more potent regulators of the type II deiodinase [81,89-91],... 

Clinical studies show that dietary cholesterol is a less potent regulator of plasma cholesterol than are saturated fatty acids. Results from meta-analyses predict that plasma cholesterol response to a 100 mg/day change in dietary cholesterol will be from 0.06 to 0.07 mmol/L. The data show that although dietary cholesterol elevates plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level, it also increases the level of HDL-cholesterol such that there is little overall effect on the LDL HDL ratio (McNamara, 2000). 

Although the bundle sheath chloroplasts contain all the enzymes of the RPP cycle, there is now evidence that some of the 3-PGA formed by the activity of rubisco is exported to the mesophyll cells [9]. Bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize are deficient in photosystem II activity and apparently cannot produce sufficient NADPH to reduce all of the 3-PGA formed to triose phosphate. Responsibility for this step is thus shared with the mesophyll chloroplasts which recycle triose phosphate to the bundle sheath as DHAP. This transport of 3-PGA from bundle sheath to mesophyll permits the synthesis of sucrose in the mesophyll cell cytoplasm. The evidence suggests that the mesophyll cells are the major site of sucrose synthesis [10-13]. Sucrose phosphate synthetase, one of the regulatory enzymes of sucrose synthesis and fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase (Fru-6-P,2K), the enzyme synthesizing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate — a potent regulator of cytoplasmic sucrose synthesis (see Section 5.4.1) — are both almost completely confined to the mesophyll cells. 

The most potent regulator of liver PFK-1 is fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which relieves the inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP and lowers the Km for fructose-6-phosphate. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a potent inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (which is important in gluconeogenesis) and thus ensures the continuation of glycolysis. Metabolism of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, its role as activator of PFK-1 and inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and its allosteric and hormonal regulation are discussed in Chapter 15. 

Cornish J, Gallon KE, Naot D, et al. Lactoferrin is a potent regulator of bone cell activity and increases bone formation in vivo. Endocrinology, 2004 145(9) 4366-4374. 

The eicosanoids, which include the prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), and leukotrienes (LT), are among the most potent regulators of cellular function in nature and are produced by almost every cell in the body. They act mainly as local hormones, affecting the cells that produce them or neighboring cells of a different type. 

In animals acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a filamentous polymer of 4-8 MDa, made from 230-kDa monomers. Insulin is the most potent regulator of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. When insulin binds to an insulin receptor in the plasma membrane of the cell, this triggers a series of protein-kinase reactions that lead to the enzyme becoming phosphorylated. It also has alternative phosphorylation sites that are inhibitory and counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon and epinephrine decrease its activity by stimulating kinases that phosphorylate these sites. 

Gntzwiller JP, Goke B, Drewe J, Hildebrand P, Ketterer S, Handschin D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 a potent regulator of food intake in hnmans. Gut 1999 44 81-86. 

There is considerable evidence that vitamin D is a potent regulator of the immune system and promotes normal cell growth. D is best known as the sunshine vitamin and has been used for decades to cure childhood rickets. In its active form, this fat-soluble vitamin changes to the steroid hormone calcitriol, which helps maintain blood calcium levels. Some evidence suggests that D decreases the risk of many common cancers (especially breast, ovarian, colon, and prostate), type-2 diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and high blood pressure. ... 

Ovarian follicular and luteal cells contain PGE2 (6) and PGF (5) receptors. The PG receptors are able to affect target cell functions through the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC)- and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent intracellular mechanisms (1,7). In epididymis, the effects of PGE on local cAMP have been described (18). There is indirect evidence that in the male reproductive system, PGE can facilitate sperm transport and acrosome reaction (1) however, only one function of PG in male reproductive system, the involvement of PGE in epididymal water/electrolyte metabolism, has been documented to date (18). In the female reproductive processes, PGE participates in ovulation and fertilization (6), whereas PGF is a potent regulator of ovarian folliculogenesis, ovula-... 

Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II and its analogs are potent regulators of PGE production in the rat epididymis, suggest-... 

Gandour, R.D. (1992) In Current Concepts in Carnitine Research (Carter, A.L., ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 93-105. Designing active site probes of carnitine acyltransferases potentially potent regulators of lipid metabolism. 

Perretti M., Serhan C. N. 2009. Resolvin D2 is a potent regulator of leukocytes and controls microbial sepsis, 461(7268) 1287-1291. 

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