Cholecystokinin effect

JORDINSON M, PLAYFORD R J, CALAM J (1997) Effects of a panel of dietary lectins on cholecystokinin release in rats. Am J Physiol. 273 G946-50. 

Several neuropeptides are under current investigation for their role in anxiety disorders. Important neuropeptides include neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P, and cholecystokinin. NPY appears to have a role in reducing the effect of stress hormones and inhibiting activity of the LC. Both mechanisms may contribute to the anxiolytic properties seen experimentally. Substance P may have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. This may be due in part to its effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone.21... 

Cholecystokinin CCKa (CCKj) Human cDNA Anorexia, gastrointestinal disorders, pancreatitis, satiety, diabetes, obesity, nociception, schizophrenia, Parkinson s disease, addiction, cancer Pancreatic enzyme secretion, potentiation of opiate analgesia, gallbladder contraction, gut motility, growth promoting effects on some tumors, dopamine release... 

Finally, a thorough receptor binding study by Raffa and colleagues (1998) showed that hypericin extracts had no effect at adrenergic (alpha or beta), adenosine, angiotensin, benzodiazepine, dopamine, bradykinin, neuropeptide Y, PCP, NMDA, opioid, cholecystokinin A, histamine HI, or nicotinic ACh receptors. Although comprehensive, this study did not look at the binding of any other hypericum constituents. 

Substances with a neuromodulatory effect on brain neurotransmitters by direct actions of specific receptors that modify the actions of the transmitters listed include prostaglandins, adenosine, enkephalins, substance P, cholecystokinin, endorphins, endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligands, and possibly histamine. CNS, central nervous system. NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate. Strych, strychnine. 

Since food has a buffering effect, antacids are taken between meals (e.g., 1 and 3 h after meals and at bedtime). Nonabsorbable antacids are preferred. Because Mg(OH)2 produces a laxative effect (cause osmotic action, p. 170, release of cholecystokinin by Mg, or both) and Al(OH)3 produces constipation (cause astringent action of AP, p. 178), these two antacids are frequently used in combination. 

Evans BE, Rittle KE, Bock MG, et al. (1988) Methods for drug discovery Development of potent, selective, orally effective cholecystokinin antagonists. /. Med. Chem. 31 2235-2246. 

Boyer W (1995) Serotonin uptake inhibitors are superior to imipramine and alprazolam in alleviating panic attacks a metaanalysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10 45-49 Bradwejn J, Koszycki D (1994) Imipramine antagonism of the paniogenic effects of chole-cystokinin tetrapeptide in panic disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry 151 261-263 Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Paradis M, Reece P, Hinton J, Sedman A (1995) Effect of CI-988 on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 38 742-746... 

Koenigsberg HW, Poliak CP, Fine J, Kakimia T (1994) Cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder effects of sleep and sleep lactate infusions. Am J Psychiatry 151 1148-1152 Kramer MS, Cutler NR, Ballenger JC, Patterson WM, Mendels J (1995) A placebo-controlled trial of L-365,260, a CCK antagonist, in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 37 462-466 Le Mell4do JM, Bradwein J, Koszycki D, Bichet DG, BeUavance F (1998) The role of the P-noradrenergic system in cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 44 364-366... 

Shlik J, Aluoja A, Vasar V, Vasar E, Podar T, Bradwein J (1997) Effects of citalopram on behavioral, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide challenge in patients with panic disorder. J Psychiatry Netuosci 22 332-340... 

Veltman DJ, van Zijderveld GA, van Dyck R (1996) Epinephrine infusions in panic disorder a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 39 133-140 Westenberg HGM, Den Boer JA (1989) Serotonin fimction in panic disorder effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in patients and controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 283-285 Wetzler S, Asnis GM, DeLecuona JM (1996) Serotonin function in panic disorder intravenous administration of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine. Psychiatry Res 62 77-82 Wiedemann K, Jahn H, Yassom-idis A, Kellner M (2001) Anxiolyticlike effects of atrial natrim-etic peptide on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 371-377... 

While researchers believe that the GABAergic response is responsible for the major effects of the BZs, other mechanisms of action have been proposed. The BZs increase calcium-dependent potassium, inhibit tetrodotoxin-sensitive NA channels, and antagonize cholecystokinin-induced excitation. The clinical relevance of these actions is unknown at this time (Polk, 1988 Hobbs et ah, 1996). 

EFFECTS OF CHOLECYSTOKININ TETRAPEPTIDE ARE COMPARABLE TO THOSE PRODUCED BY CO,... 

So far we have discussed the effect of CCK peptides on serotonin brain concentrations. Some evidence also exist on the action of serotonin on the CCK system. Raiteri and colleagues (1993a) looked at the effects of serotonin on the release of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) in synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex and nucleus accumbens. In both areas, serotonin increased the calcium-dependent depolarization-evoked CCK-LI release in a dose-related fashion. This effect was antag-... 

---