Chlorpromazine Trifluoperazine

Tab. 5.27 Correlation coefficients between drug-membrane interaction parameters and biological data of the seven modifiers studied, (c/s- and trans-flupentixol, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, triflupromazine, imipramine, and quinacrine). Chlorpromazine was omitted from regression corresponding to the MCF-7/DOX cell line. Quinacrine data were not available for the P388/DOX cell line. (Reprinted from Tab. 2 of ref. 11 7, with permission from Bertelsmann-Springer)...

Our conductrimetric work [207] with three hydrochloride psychotropes—chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and methotrimeprazine—also showed that these formed charge-transfer complexes with acetylcholine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and noradrenaline which were not highly associated. Two different types of interaction occurred, one in which a single product was formed, and a second which involved two almost simultaneous reactions. In the former case the product was stable to ultraviolet light, while in the latter case the more slowly formed product was strongly UV sensitive. The reactions in solution were first order. 

Antipsychotics Most experience with FGAs Haloperidol Chlorpromazine Trifluoperazine Depots Anticholinergics... 

A combination of amphotericin B, miconazole (16), and rifampin (17) was used to successfully cure one patient. In addition, tetracycline (7) and minocycline (18) have been recommended although their clinical efficacy have not been estabUshed. No proven therapeutic agents exist for treating A.catbamoeba infections, however, the phenothiazines, trifluoperazine [117-89-5] and chlorpromazine [50-53-3], show promise in vitro. 

The multidrug resistance (mdr) reversing effect of the new phenothiazine complexes were tested on mouse T cell lymphoma cell lines. Trifluoperazine (TFP) was much more effective at the same concentration than verapamil. The efficacy of some metal coordination complexes [TFP-Cu(ll) and TFP-V(IV)] exceeded the action of TFP alone. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) or CPZ-Pt(ll) complex had the same or less effect than verapamil or promethazine (Pz) used as a control. 

Chlorpromazine, Reserpine, Promazine, Acetylpromazine Perphenazine, Trifluoperazine, Fluphenazine Psychosis... 

Of the antipsychotic drugs prescribed, 72% were typical antipsychotics, which included haloperidol, chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, sulpiride, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, flupentixol, and bromperidol. Use of typical drugs was associated with longer hospitalization, male gender, and clinical reports of violence or aggression. Atypical drugs only accounted for 28% of antipsychotic drugs... 

Whatever the underlying causes may be, neuroleptic medications are the most effective treatment for schizophrenia. All antipsychotic medications have some form of dopamine receptor antagonism and they are distinguished by their chemical class. The phenothiazines include chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), mesoridazine (Serentil), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), fluphenazine (Prolixin), and prochlorperazine (Compazine). The thioxanthenes include chlorprohixine (Taractan) and thiothixene (Navane). Butyrophenones are represented by haloperidol (Haldol). Loxapine (Loxitane) is a dibenzoxapine, and molindone (Moban) is a dihydroindolone. 

From the chemical point of view antipsychotic drugs are subdivided into six chemical groups, as well as to the group of non-classifiable drugs. They are phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, promazine, triflupromazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorpherazine, trifluoperazine, mesoridazine, and thioridazine), thioxanthenes... 

This group of drugs is subdivided into three subgroups depending on the type of substitution on the nitrogen atom of the phenothiazine ring. The subgroups are phenothiazines with an aliphatic side chain (chlorpromazine, promazine, triflupromazine), piperazine derivatives (acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine), and piperidines (mesoridazine, thioridazine). 

W Caetano, M Tabak. Interaction of chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine with anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles electronic absorption and fluorescence studies. J Coll Inter Sci 225 69—81, 2000. 

Trifluoperazine is also a more potent antipsychotic than chlorpromazine with only minor sedative, anticholinergic and cardiovascular activity. 

A variety of relatively uncommon dermatological side effects have been noted to be associated with antipsychotic agents. These include maculopapular rashes, urticaria, and erythema multiforme (Arana, 2000). Photosensitivity and skin pigmentation can also occur during treatment with these drugs. Although skin pigmentation has been most frequently reported with chlorpromazine, this can occur with thioridazine and trifluoperazine (Harth and Rapoport, 1996). In addition, treatment-induced alopecia has been reported for haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone (Mercke et ah, 2000). 

Fish, B., Campbell, M., Shapiro, T, and Floyd, A. (1969) Comparison of trifluperidol, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine in preschool schizophrenic children the value of less sedative antipsychotic agents. Curr Ther Res 11 589-595. 

Dopamine antagonists chlorpromazine hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride perphenazine prochlorperazine prochlorperazine mesylate trifluoperazine hydrochloride... 

TABLE 5-10. Effectiveness of other neuroleptics compared with chlorpromazine, thioridazine, and trifluoperazine... 

Casey JF, Hollister LE, Klett CJ, et al. Combined drug therapy of chronic schizophrenics. Controlled evaluation of placebo, dextro-amphetamine, imipramine, isocarboxazid, and trifluoperazine added to maintenance doses of chlorpromazine. Am J Psychiatry 1961 117 997-1003. 

Figure 11.5. Correlation between the average daily dose of various neuroleptics and their affinity for D2 receptors. (l)=promazine (2)=chlorpromazine (3)=thio-ridazine (4)=clozapine (5)=triflupromazine (6)=penfluridol (7)=trifluoperazine (8)=fluphenazine (9)=haloperidol (10)=pimozide (ll)=fluspirilene (12)=benper-idol (13)=spiroperidol (spiperone).

The neuroleptics that are widely available may be divided into two general categories, those with low potency (such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine) and those with high potency (exemplified by haloperidol, trifluoperazine and pimozide). The former groups have a lower propensity to cause extrapyramidal side effects but are more sedative and likely to cause postural hypotension and have anticholinergic side effects. In vitro studies have shown that chlorpromazine has an affinity for all five types of dopamine receptor and has some preference for D2 and D3 receptors. By contrast, haloperidol is more potent than chlorpromazine for the D2, D3 and D4 receptors with a low affinity for the D and D5 receptors. 

First-generation (typical) antipsychotics include amisulpride, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, promethazine, promazine, trifluoperazine... 

Mucsi et al. [78] reported that trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine were effective against herpes simplex virus. Certain benzo[a]-phenothiazines also produced identical results against herpes virus [78]. Some structurally related phenothiazines exhibited photodynamic activity against the pseudorabies virus [33]. The inhibitory effect of the phenothiazines was investigated on the multiplication of several viruses. 

A 50-year-old woman with schizophrenia had a 1-year history of gradual deterioration of vision in both eyes. For several years she had been taking chlorpromazine 300 mg/day, trifluoperazine 10 mg/day, and trihexyphenidyl 4 mg/day. Slit lamp examination showed fine, discrete, brown refractile deposits on the corneal endothelium in both eyes, and characteristic bilateral stellate cataracts with dense, dust-like brown-yellow granular deposits were noted along the suture lines in the anterior pole of the lens and obscured the visual axis. 

INDIRECT ANTIPSYCHOTICS 1. Case reports of paralytic ileus with trifluoperazine and methylphenidate 2. Case report of acute dystonias with haloperidol and dexamfetamine 3.1 efficacy of chlorpromazine when dexamfetamine was added 1. Additive anticholinergic effect 2. Uncertain possibly due to t dopamine release 3. Uncertain 1. Watch for signs of altered bowel habit 2. Warn patients of this rare interaction 3. Avoid co-administration... 

PHENOTHIAZINES - CHLORPROMAZINE, PERPHENAZINE, PROCHLORPERAZINE, TRIFLUOPERAZINE Antipsychotics, below ... 

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