Chlorine contact chamber

A device or process equipment that adds any chlorine compounds, in solid, gas, or liquid form, to water, wastewater, or sludge to kill infectious microorganisms or undesirable substances is a chlorinator (8-9). That part of the treatment facility where water, wastewater, or sludge is treated by chlorine for disinfection and oxidation is a chlorine contact chamber (CCC). 

Fig. 1. Chlorine contact chamber with end-around baffles and vanes.

Obtain typical operating data for the chlorination system being studied. For example (a) type of efQuent = activated sludge (b) peak plant flow = 5 MGD (c) volume of chlorine contact chamber (CCC), v = 13,926 ft (d) chlorine dosage = 6 mg/L (e) chlorine residual = 1 mg/L. 

Determine the contact time for the chlorine contact chamber based on peak flow ... 

Design Example—Design of a Wastewater Chlorine Contact Chamber... 

Design a chlorine contact chamber for wastewater disinfection based on the following given data and equations. 

The first step is to select contact time at peak flow and calculate volume of chlorine contact chamber (1) [use Eq. (3)] ... 

Fig. 4. Chlorine contact chamber and second-phase settler combination.

Effect of Chlorine Contact Chamber and Second-Phase Settler Combination on Suspended Solids Removal... 

The orifice plates must be cleaned periodically of scraps of papers and bits of rags. In order to prevent such a manual operation, a combined second-phase settler and chlorine contact chamber is protected by a traveling screen. 

Figure 3 in introduces the Coxsackie Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The plant s special wastewater chlorination facility, a combined chlorine contact chamber (CCC) second-phase final settler unit, is shown in Fig. 4. This section introduces the sludge chlorination facility of Coxsackie STP and its operational data. At Coxsackie STP, data generated during 19 batches of sludge chlorination are summarized in Tables 10-12. Characteristics of the underflow from the sludge dewatering beds for nine of those...

Chlorine-contact chamber. A chamber in a waste treatment plant in which effluent is disinfected by chlorine before it is discharged to the receiving waters. 

Ozone is sometimes used as a disinfectant in place of chlorine, particularly in Europe. Figure 13.10 shows the main components of an ozone water treatment system. Basically, air is filtered, cooled, dried, and pressurized, then subjected to an electrical discharge of approximately 20,000 volts. The ozone produced is then pumped into a contact chamber, where water contacts the ozone for 10-15 minutes. 

Neon is also used in scintillation counters, neutron fission counters, proportional counters, and ionization chambers for detection of charged particles. Its mixtures with bromine vapors or chlorine are used in Geiger tubes for counting nuclear particles. Helium-neon mixture is used in gas lasers. Some other applications of neon are in antifog devices, electrical current detectors, and lightning arrestors. The gas is also used in welding and preparative reactions. In preparative reactions it provides an inert atmosphere to shield the reaction from air contact. 

Castner turned his interest to gold extraction, which required high-quality sodium hydroxide. Castner developed a three-chambered electrolytic cell. The two end chambers contained brine and graphite electrodes. The middle chamber held water. The cells were separated excepted for a small opening on the bottom, which contained a pool of mercury that served as the cell s cathode. When current flowed through the cell and the cell was rocked, sodium reduced from the brine came into contact with water in the middle cell to produce a sodium hydroxide solution. As Castner built his mercury cell, Kellner was working on a similar design. Rather than compete with each other, Castner and Kellner joined forces to establish the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company to produce sodium hydroxide, which competed with soda ash and potash as an industrial base, and chlorine, which was used primarily to make bleach. 

Coupons of Type 304 stainless steel were prepared by mechanical abrasion and rinsed with methanol. Each sample was analyzed by XPS prior to treatment to ensure that no detectable casually-introduced chlorine was present. Two separate series of laboratory experiments were done one series (a) followed the effects of short-term contact between chlorocarbon and the alloy surface, a second series (b) investigated the effects of prolonged vapor and liquid contact with the alloy in a glass refluxer. In series (a) the clean alloy surface was swabbed using trichloroethane-soaked tissue and immediately inserted into the vacuum chamber of an XPS spectrometer for analysis. After analysis, the same coupon was exposed to the atmosphere for periods of 72 and 336 hours... 

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