Germany chlorine first used

Munich An integrated process for making chlorine dioxide from hydrochloric acid. Sodium chlorate is made electrochemically from sodium chloride, and this is reduced with hydrochloric acid. Developed from the Kesting process by H. Frohler and E. Rossberger at the Elektrochemische Werke Munchen, Germany, and first commercialized in 1974. The essential improvement over the Resting process is the use of titanium electrodes coated with ruthenium oxide for the electrolytic... 

Griesheim Company, in Germany, in 1888 [1]. Sodium hydroxide and chlorine were first produced electrolytically in 1891 in Frankfurt, Germany, using technology advanced in the patents of Mathes and Weber. The same technology was first used in the U.S.A. at Rumford Falls, Maine, by the Electrochemical Company in 1892. Both of the early cells used an operating procedure, which amounted to a scaled-up version of a laboratory electrolyzer (Fig. 8.1a) and were operated in batch modes. 

Fluorine was first produced commercially ca 50 years after its discovery. In the intervening period, fluorine chemistry was restricted to the development of various types of electrolytic cells on a laboratory scale. In World War 11, the demand for uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] UF, in the United States and United Kingdom, and chlorine trifluoride [7790-91 -2J, CIF, in Germany, led to the development of commercial fluorine-generating cells. The main use of fluorine in the 1990s is in the production of UF for the nuclear power industry (see Nuclearreactors). However, its use in the preparation of some specialty products and in the surface treatment of polymers is growing. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), known by their trade marks of Arochlor (Monsanto U.S.), Phenochlor (in France), and Clophen (in Germany) are chemically similar to the chlorinated insecticides. Although not used for this purpose, their existence and persistence in the environment is well established. They were used to make more flexible and flame retardant plastics and are still used as insulating fluids in electrical transformers since there is no substitute in this application. They have been made by Monsanto since 1930 and were first discovered as a pollutant in 1966. U.S. production peaked at 72 million lb in 1970 but in 1975 it was down to 40 million Ib/yr because in 1971 Monsanto voluntarily adopted the policy of selling PCBs only for electrical systems. At least 105 PCBs are present in the environment. 

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