Streptomycin Chloramphenicol

Salmonella typhimurium DT104 is usually resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. An outbreak of 25 culture-confirmed cases of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium DT104 has been identified in Denmark (54). The strain was resistant to the above-mentioned antibiotics and nalidixic acid and had reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. A swineherd was identified as the primary source (54). The DT104 strain was also found in cases of salmonellosis in Washington State, and soft cheese made with unpasteurized milk was identified as an important vehicle of its transmission (55). 

A particularly rich contribution of this approach in the therapeutic area has been the discovery and the development of penicillin (see Chapter 1). It initiated the discovery of many other major antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracyclines, rifampicine, etc. 

A tetracycline -i- streptomycin or gentamicin chloramphenicol streptomycin trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole gentamicin ciprofloxacin rifampin... 

We are interested here in only a small group of the great number and variety of presently known antibiotics, namely, those that interfere with the heterocatalytic function of DNA. A few examples may be listed ac-tinomycin Ci is an inhibitor of transcription, puromycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and actidione are inhibitors of translation. All of them are being used more and more to verify the dependence of a process upon transcription and translation. 

In 1939 the isolation of a mixture of microbial products named tyrotbricin from a soil bacillus was described. Further investigation showed this material to be a mixture of gramicidin and tyrocidine. In rapid succession the isolation of actinomycin (1940), streptothricin (1942), streptomycin (1943), and neomycin (1949), produced by Streptomjces were reported and in 1942 the word antibiotic was introduced. Chloramphenicol, the first of the so-called broad spectmm antibiotics having a wide range of antimicrobial activity, was discovered in 1947. Aureomycin, the first member of the commercially important tetracycline antibiotics, was discovered in 1948. 

Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and antifungals ... 

Discovery of Kanamycin, and Establishment oflMC. Chloramphenicol, chlor- and oxy-tetracyclines, and pyridomycin (H. Umezawa, 1967) were active, in in vitro experiments, against strains of tuberculosis, but these drugs, in contrast to streptomycin, were clinically inactive. H. Umezawa... 

Because human cases of glanders are rare, there is limited information shout antibiotic treatment of the organism in humans. Sulfadiazine has been found to be an effective in experimental animals and in humans SutfMderiente/fer is usually sensitive to tetracyclines, ciproflacacin, streptomycin, novobiocin, gentamicin, imipenem, ceftazidime, and the sulfonamides Resistance to chloramphenicol has been reported. 

Early treatment of pneumonic plague is essential. To reduce the chance of death, antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms. Streptomycin, gentamicin, the tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. 

Treatment — A number of antibiotics including tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and quinolone3 are available for treatment. 

Various microbiological processes are used in the production of a number of antibiotics, for instance penicillins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and streptomycins. The major areas of such operations being ... 

For the experiment, the dorsal skin of young rats (Wistar or a comparable strain) is shaved and washed with an antibiotic solution (containing, e.g., streptomycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, and amphotericin in concentrations inhibiting bacterial growth). After skin excision, excess fat is peeled off and the skin is placed over the end of a polytetrafluoroethylene tube with the epidermal side in touch with the hollow cylinder. The skin is fixed with an O-ring and the tube interior is sealed. The side of the dermis is then submersed in a magnesium sulphate solution (154 mM). The samples are applied at 30°C to the epidermal side of the skin in such a way that the skin interface is fully covered. After the incubation time, the substances are removed with prewarmed water the skin surface tension is decreased with ethanol which is subsequently replaced with magnesium sulphate solution (154 mM). 

Mob, can be mobilized during conjugation with broad-host-range plasmids Xm, kanamycin resistance Km, kanamycin sensitivity Cm, chloramphenicol Sm, streptomycin 7c, tetracycline. 

Some well-known inhibitors of prokaryotic translation include streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracydine, and chloramphenicol. Inhibitors of eukaryotic translation include cycloheximide and Diphtheria and Pseudomonas toxins. 

A senior British government veterinarian stated in 1962 (3)> When penicillin was first used in treating mastitis only 2% of the strains of staphylococci recovered from cases of mastitis were resistant to penicillin. Today the figure is over 70%. Between 1958 and 1961, resistance to penicillin (PEN) increased from 62.0% to 70.6%. Resistance to streptomycin (STR), tetracycline and chloramphenicol also increased (. Antibiotic resistance increased for isolates of both mastitis staphylococci and streptococci in Canada between I960 and 1967 (5). In Belgium (6), Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis showed increase in PEN resistance from 38% in 1971 to 78% in 1974> but then no further increase to 1980. The resistance situation was reported to remain stable in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1962 and 1975 (7), as also in Australia between 1974 and 1979 (8 ) and Denmark, at a very low level, for the period 1963 to 1978 (9). 

Antibiotic C6, Cellocidin, Chloramphenicol, Citrinin, Erythromycin, Gramicidin, Kana-mycin. Novobiocin, Penicillin, Phtobacteri-omycin, Polymycin, Pol3rmyxin, Rhizopin, Streptomycin, Agrimycin, Phytostrep, Tetracycline, and Vancomycin. 

Actidione5Actinomycin D, Blasticidin, Chloramphenicol, Citrinin, Daunomycin, Dextro-mycin, Ferrimycidin, Formycin, Imanin, Kanamycin, Laurisin, Miharamycin, Mitomycin C, Naramycin, Ohyamycin, Pentaene G8, Polyoxin A, Puromycin, Streptomycin. 

Some other antibiotics commonly used in animal production such as the bacitracins, bambermycins and virginiamycins as well as the streptomycins are poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract and residues usually do not occur from feeding. Chloramphenicol is used illegally in the United States in many species it is used legally in Europe, Canada and other parts of the world. 

The primary application of the procedure is the determination of the presence or absence of 3-lactam 7) residues in milk and secondarily to measure the levels quantitatively. The receptor assay system has now been expanded to qualitatively detect residues of tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and sulfamethazine in milk, serum and urine (Table II) (30). 

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