Chironomids

Resistance of house flies (Musca domestica) to DDT was attributed to its transformation to the nontoxic DDE, and the enzyme that carries the dehydrochlorination has been characterized in DDT-resistant flies (Lipke and Kearns 1959a,b). The herbicide alachlor is transformed by chironomid larvae by O-demethylation followed by loss of the chloroacetyl group to produce 2,6-diethylaniline... 

Wei LY, CR Vossbrinck (1992) Degradation of alachlor in chironomid larvae (Diptera Chironomidae). J Agric Food Chem 40 1695-1699. 

Leversee, G.J., Giesy, J.P., Landrum, P.F., Bartell, S., Gerould, S. Bruno, M., Spacie, A., Bowling, J., Haddock, J., Fannin, T. (1981) Disposition of benzo(a) pyrene in aquatic systems components Periphyton, Chironomids, Daphania, Fish. In Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemical Analysis and Biological Fate. Cooke, M., Dennis, A.J., Eds., pp. 357-367. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. 

Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus), a medium-sized cyprinid species, is an herbivorous the bulk of its diet consists of plants and algae. However, small invertebrates, such as nematodes, larvae of a freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra des-maresti), larvae of small, littoral chironomids Paratanytarsus sp. and Cricotopus flavocinctus), and particularly microcrustaceans such as ostracods, are included. 

Chironomid, Chirinomus riparius larvae 5 generations exposed from egg to fourth instar at medium concentrations of 0, 1, 10, or 100 gg Cu/L Mandible and mentum deformities were positively associated with increasing concentration and generation 169... 

Chironomid, Chironomus riparius Mandible and mentum deformities were 54... 

Chironomid, Chironomus tentans larvae 2.7 mg/L for 48 h Aquatic insects, 5 species LC50 31... 

Among arthropods, pyrophosphate granules isolated from barnacles have the capability to bind and effectively detoxify silver and other metals under natural conditions (Pullen and Rainbow 1991). In a Colorado alpine lake, silver concentrations in caddisflies and chironomid larvae usually reflected silver concentrations in sediments seston, however, showed a high correlation with lake water silver concentrations from 20 days earlier (Freeman 1979). 

Wilson, R.S. 1988. A survey of the zinc-polluted River Nent (Cumbria) and the East and West Allen (Northumberland), England, using chironomid pupal exuviae. Spixiana, Suppl. 14 167-174. 

Chironomid larvae population remained >90% depressed for 5 months (Mulla et al. 1971)... 

Mulla, M.S., R.L. Norland, and D.M. Fanuva. 1971. Control of chironomid midges in recreational lakes. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 64 300-307. 

Next in sensitivity are aquatic insects, including mayflies, chironomids, caddisflies, and midges. Diflubenzuron concentrations between 0.1 and 1.9 pg/L medium produce low emergence and survival. 

Mayfly, Callibaetis sp. 10 Chironomid, Chironomus decorus, LC90 (168 h), nymphs 7... 

Ali, A. and J. Lord. 1980b. Experimental insect growth regulators against some nuisance chironomid midges of central Florida. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 73 243-249. 

Ali, A. and M.S. Mulla. 1978a. Effects of chironomid larvicides and diflubenzuron on nontarget invertebrates in residential-recreational lakes. Environ. Entomol. 7 21-27. 

At 1.0 to 5.0 pg/L, there were drastic reductions or elimination of most species of crustaceans and chironomids, juvenile bluegills, and larval cyprinid fishes. 

Chironomids (Chironomus riparius) held for 72 h on sediments with 47-4040 pg BaP/kg contained a maximum of 6030 pg BaP/kg DW chironomids were fed to bluegills for 96 h... 

Since persistence in sediments is longer than that in the water column, the relevant toxicity studies are those that consider longer term, chronic exposures. A number of standard tests have been developed for assessing sediment toxicity and the bioassay of field collected sediments (e.g., [16-24]). The most commonly tested freshwater species are arthropods, including the amphipod shrimp // azteca and chironomid midge larvae, both Chironomus dilutus (formerly C. tentans) and C. riparius. Water-only studies have demonstrated that II. azteca are particularly sensitive to SPs (see Sect. 3) and in the published literature, this is the most commonly tested species for assessing the sediment toxicity of SPs. 

OECD (2004) Sediment-water chironomid toxicity test using spiked sediment. Test Guideline 218. OECD, Paris, doi 10.1787/9789264070264-en... 

Lyytikainen, M. Rantalainen, A.-L. Mikkelson, P. Hamalainen, H. Paasivirta, J. Kukkonen, J.V.K. 2003b, Similarities in bioaccumulation patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and fu-rans and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers in laboratory-exposed oligochaetes and semipermeable membrane devices and in field-collected chironomids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 2405-2415. 

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