Chilean exports

In some countries, recommended practices for minimizing residue and MRL concerns in exported foods have been developed for farmers and exporters. For example, it has been the practice of the Chilean Exporters Association jointly with the University of Chile to develop an information system for growers based on supervised trials to determine withholding periods (i.e., preharvest intervals) to meet the MRL standards recognized by the authorities in major export markets... 

In light of the situahon and in an effort to facihtate acceptance of their fruits in different markets worldwide, the Chilean Exporters Association with the technical support of the University of Chile developed a program which includes the pubhcahon of a bullehn, Agenda de Peshcidas - Asociacion de Exportadores de Chile , referred to herewith as Peshcide Agenda , made available in print and onhne, at least every three weeks [10],... 

By-product ammonia contained 426,000 t N, and Chilean nitrates provided about 510,000 t N see Schmidt, A. 1934. Hie industrielle Chemie. Berlin Verlag Walter de Gruyter c Co., p. 330. The British naval blockade made it impossible to sell Chilean nitrates to Germany, the biggest European buyer, but the demand of the Allied powers for the explosives kept the industry going. Chilean exports peaked at almost 3 Mt/year between 1916 and 1918. 

The Chilean fruit export business is very important to the national economy and these producers have responded to the requirements of the Western market for quality and quantity. In turn this has led to an increase in the pesticides used. Many of the pesticides used are WHO class la extremely hazardous . The main exposure route for farmworkers is dermal. Pregnant women who continue to work in fields sprayed with pesticides run an increased risk of exposing their unborn children. The apple and pear industries are highly manual with the fruits being picked, sorted and packed by hand. 

As a result of these initiatives, Chile has emerged as the largest fresh fruit exporting country from the Southern hemisphere. Over 70 markets worldwide are supplied with assorted Chilean fresh produce, primarily table grapes, kiwifruit, pome fruits, and stone fruits, and to a lesser extent, lemons, clementines, and avocados. 

The war was very costly to Chile, but the conquest was highly rewarding because the country seized control of all nitrate deposits customs taxes on exports of Tara-paca and Antofagasta nitrates became the largest source of revenue for the Chilean government. As Hancock concluded a decade later, it was a desert worth fighting for it was yielding 10,000,000 a year. ... 

Annual exports began rising rapidly after 1880 they surpassed 1 million tonnes in 1895, reached 1.33 Mt in 1900, and were nearly 2.5 Mt in 1913 (fig. 3.4 appendix G). Although foreign companies initially controlled most of the output (the British ones produced about 60% of all nitrates before the end of the century, and the Chilean stake became dominant only after 1915), a large share of nitrate profits had always remained in the country as taxes accounted for about half of the production cost. ... 

At the beginning of the twentieth century the global output of nearly 500,000 t of ammonium sulfate contained about 120,000 t N, compared to about 200,000 t N in that year s export of Chilean nitrates. By 1910 German production of ammonium sulfate surpassed the British total, and in 1913 it accounted for nearly % of the global output, which was equivalent to about 270,000 t N. But the shipments of Chilean nitrates were still larger, providing almost 410,000 t of fixed N (appendix F). ... 

Extraction of Guano and Chilean Nitrate, and Production of Ammonium Sulfate, Cyana-mide, and Calcium Nitrate, 1850-2000 Exports of Chilean Nitrate, 1835-1932... 

Comparisons on the nutrient basis are uncertain. Unlike the Chilean nitrate, whose N content clustered tightly around 15%, the best guanos had ten times as much N as the poorest exported material. Moreover, with the single source of supply, Chilean records of nitrate exports are also fairly accurate, while we have no comparably reliable records of total guano shipments from more than a dozen other different locations around the world. 

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