Children malnutrition

WagstafF, Adam, and Naoko Watanabe. 2000. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Malnutrition in the Developing World. Policy Research Working Paper 2434. Washington, DC World Bank. 

Several circumstances developed during the field test that necessitated repeating the ANOVA after certain data were omitted. For a series of samples, more than one child used the same sample number. This problem is understandable in a setting with a high incidence of protein-calorie malnutrition (19). There were also a few children in the study who were above tRe originally set upper age limit of five years. ANOVAs were made excluding both... 

The main acute effect is inebriation, which in turn spawns violence, spousal and child abuse, crime, motor vehicle accidents, workplace and home accidents, drowning, suicide, and accidental death. The chronic effects include alcoholism, liver disease, various forms of cancer, brain disorders, cardiovascular disease and other organ system effects, absence from or loss of work, family dysfunction, and malnutrition. 

Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann was the second of six children bom into the family of an impoverished Lutheran minister in lower Saxony, near modem Hannover, Germany. Riemann suffered from childhood malnutrition and was prone to excessive timidity, sickness, and nervous breakdowns throughout his difficult life, which ended in Italy while he was attempting recuperation from chronic tuberculosis (with a wife and young child at his side) at age 39. 

WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition http //www.who.int/nutgrowthdb... 

Table 24-1. Time Frame for Management of a Child with Severe Malnutrition ...

Host susceptibility, the ability of a human to ward off disease, is one of the most important factors in determining whether a microbe will successfully cause disease. The immunocompromised, those with HIV, organ transplants, or who are undergoing cancer treatment, are the most prone to disease. The overuse of antibiotics that decrease the bacterial flora can also affect the immune systems of immunocompetent hosts, in addition, malnutrition, which is associated with 50 % of child deaths... 

There is a wide variation of deficiencies between energy and protein deficient diseases as in the cases described by marasmus and kwashiorkor. The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is used to describe those differences. PEM is the result of poverty as well inadequate information on diet. In some countries there is the mistaken belief that the child should not be given high protein food, which is served to the father, while the child drinks the fluid the meat was cooked in. 

Charlton CP, Buchanan E, Holden CE, et al. Intensive enteral feeding in advanced cirrhosis Reversal of malnutrition without precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child 1992 67 603-607. 

Varan B, Tokel K, Yilmaz G. Malnutrition and growth failure in cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease with and without pulmonary hypertension. Arch Dis Child 1999 81 49-52. 

Malnutrition and its ultimate form starvation arise from many different causes and are present even in affluent societies. The case description reveals that the child lives in a third-world country, and the physical findings reveal that the child suflJ ers from protein-calorie-deficient starvation, or marasmus. 

An 8-month-old child presents with exhaustion, irritability, and malnutrition. The family history reveals poverty and inadequate nutrition in all members. The 8-month-old was fed diluted formula, and the tentative diagnosis of marasmus was made. 

Srikantia, S. G., Jacob, C. M., and Reddy, V., Serum enzyme levels in protein-calorie malnutrition. Studies in children with kwashiorkor and marasmus. Am. J. Dis. Child. 107, 256-259 (1964). 

Vitamin A helps maintain the skin and mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts. Vitamin A is also critical for vision. The aldehyde form of Vitamin A, called retinal, binds to a protein called opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin. This pigment is found in the rod cells of the retina of the eye. These cells are responsible for black-and-white vision. As you might expect, a deficiency of vitamin A can have terrible consequences. In children, lack of vitamin A leads to xerophthalmia, an eye disease that results first in night blindness and eventually in total blindness. The disease can be prevented by an adequate dietary or supplementary supply of this vitamin. Because vitamin A is stored in the liver, a dose of 0.03 mg will protect a child for six months. Yet in countries that have suffered from cruel famines, even this amount of vitamin A is unavailable, and the burdens of malnutrition and disease lead to total blindness in thousands of children. 

De Onis, M., Monteiro, C., Akre, J., and Clugston, G. (1993). The worldwide magnitude of protein-energy malnutrition An overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth. Bull. World Health Org. 71,703-712. 

In the past, severe malnutrition required delivery of milk powder or other enriching powdered nutrition that had to be mixed with water. Contamination of the water supply made disease a problem and thus prevented effective treatment of the malnutrition. An innovative entrepreneur in France came up with Plumpy-Nut, a paste made of peanuts and milk power that could be squeezed into a child s mouth without addition of water. This innovation enabled a substantial reduction in the malnutrition soon after use. ([117])... 

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