Chemolithotrophic

These are major groups of microorganisms that have achieved restricted prominence in discussions on biodegradation and biotransformation, and include both photolithotrophs and chemolithotrophs. Some brief comments on both are therefore justihed. 

Although they have not been obtained in pure culture, chemolithotrophic anaerobic bacteria (anammox) that oxidize ammonia using nitrite as electron donor and CO2 as a source of carbon have been described. In addition, they can oxidize propionate to CO2 (Giiven et al. 2005) by a pathway that has not yet been resolved. 

Matin A (1978) Organic nutrition of chemolithotrophic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 32 433-468. 

Seitz H-J, H Cypionka (1986) Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans with hydrogen coupled to ammonification with nitrate or nitrite. Arch Microbiol 146 63-67. 

Tolli J, GM King (2005) Diversity and structure of bacterial chemolithotrophic communities in pine forest and agroecosystem soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8411-8418. 

Arsenite is also an intermediate in the fungal biomethylation of arsenic (Bentley and Chasteen 2002) and oxidation to the less toxic arsenate can be accomplished by heterotrophic bacteria including Alcaligenes faecalis. Exceptionally, arsenite can serve as electron donor for chemolithotrophic growth of an organism designated NT-26 (Santini et al. 2000), and both selenate and arsenate can be involved in dissimilation reactions as alternative electron acceptors. 

Suylen GMH, GC Stefess, JG Kuenen (1986) Chemolithotrophic potential of a Hyphomicrobium species, capable of growth on methylated sulphur compounds. Arch Microbiol 146 192-198. 

Cork [283], Sublette [284], and others have identified a number of chemolithotrophic bacteria which oxidize elemental sulfur and use reduced or partially reduced sulfur compounds as an energy source, in the presence of various carbon sources (such as carbon dioxide or bicarbonate) and reduced nitrogen (e.g., ammonium ion). In the case of Cork et al. s work, the anaerobic photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum is used to convert sulfides to sulfate. The economics of this process was not favorable due to the requirement of light for the growth of the bacterium. 

Sublette [285] describes a process for desulfurizing sour natural gas using another commonly known chemolithotrophic microorganism, the aerobic bacterium T. denitrifi-cans. This patent describes a process wherein bacteria of the Thiobacillus genus convert sulfides to sulfates under aerobic conditions. Sublette defined the ideal characteristics of a suitable microorganism for the oxidative H2S removal from gaseous streams as ... 

As fluid from the hydrothermal vent mixes with seawater, chemolithotrophic microbes by this process harvest energy from the chemical disequilibrium among redox reactions, forming the base of the ecosystem s food chain. Microbes can... 

B. Friedrich, E. Schwartz (1993) Molecular biology of hydrogen utilization in aerobic chemolithotrophs. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 47 351-383... 

Microbial prodnction and consnmption of hydrogen by chemolithotrophic bacteria... 

Bartha, R. and Ordal, E. J. (1965) Nickel-dependent chemolithotrophic growth of two... 

The thiosulfate reductase/rhodanese/APS reductase system is thus supported by evidence from direct enzyme assay, whole-cell metabolism and energetics, and S-labehng experiments and provides a robust hypothesis to explain thionate oxidation and energy conservation in at least some chemolithotrophs. 

In this retrospective analysis of our current understanding of chemolithotrophic sulfur compound oxidation, I have sought to show how the hve research papers (and two reviews) on T. thioparus published by Peck and... 

Kelly DP. 1982. Biochemistry of the chemolithotrophic oxidation of inorganic sulphur. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond Ser B 298 499-528. 

Kelly DP. 1990. Energetics of chemolithotrophs. In Krulwich TA, editor. Volume 12, The bacteria. New York Academic Press, p 479-503. 

Kelly DP. 1999. Thermodynamic aspects of energy conservation by chemolithotrophic sulfur bacteria in relation to the sulfur oxidation pathways. Arch Microbiol 171 219-29. 

Kelly DP, Wood AP. 1994. Whole organism methods for inorganic sulfur oxidation by chemolithotrophs and photolithotrophs. In Peck HD, LeGall J, editors. Inorganic microbial sulfur metabolism. Volume 243, Methods in enzymology. p 510-20. 

Peck HD. 1968. Energy-coupling mechanisms in chemolithotrophic bacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 22 489-518. 

Vanadate 23 Saccharomyces cerevisiae V. atypica D. desulfliricans Chemolithotroph isolate Bisconti et al. (1997) Wolf oik andWhiteley (1962) Wolf oik andWhiteley (1962) Yurkova and Lyalikova (1991)... 

Yurkova NA, Lyalikova NN. 1991. New vanadate-reducing facultative chemolithotrophic bacteria. Microbiology 59 672-7. 

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