Chemistry, nature

Hogan JC Jr. Directed combinatorial chemistry. Nature 1996 384 suppl ... 

Castren, Eero, Is Mood Chemistry , Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (2005) 241-46... 

Mann, S. (1993) Molecular tectonics in biomineralization and biomimetic materials chemistry. Nature, 365, 499-505. 

It is interesting to note that in so many areas of oxygen chemistry, nature uses iron porphyrins for the transport, storage, and utilization of dioxygen and its reduced derivatives. 

Pascual JI, Lorente N, Song Z, Conrad H, Rust HP (2003) Selectivity in vibrationally mediated single-molecule chemistry. Nature 423 525... 

Few isoxazolo[2,3- ]pyridines have found important applications in the field of chemistry and/or medicinal chemistry. Natural products of the nareline family such as nareline methyl ester 105 <1997P1303> or 10,11-dimethoxy-nareline 106 <2004JNP547> have been isolated (Scheme 32). 

Canfield DE (1998) Anew model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature 396 450-453 Canfield DE, Lyons TW, Raiswell R (1996) A model for iron deposition to euxinic Black Sea sediments. Am JSci 296 818-834... 

Natural products continue to play a dominant role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs to treat human diseases. Such chemical agents have traditionally also played a major role in drug discovery and still constitute a prolific source of novel chemotypes or pharmacophores for medicinal chemistry. Natural product-based scaffolds find key importance in drug discovery as well as in optimizing chemical diversity... 

Farquhar J, Peters M, Johnston DT, Strauss H, Masterson A, Wiechert LI, Kaufman AJ (2007) Isotopic evidence for Mesoarchean anoxia and changing atmospheric sulfur chemistry. Nature 449 706-710... 

Leeson, P.D. and Springthorpe, B. (2007) The infiuence of drug-like concepts on decision-making in medicinal chemistry. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 6, 881-890. 

Samuel Latham Mitehill, 1764-1831. Professor of chemistry, natural history, agriculture, and the other arts depending thereon at Columbia College, New York City. Editor of the Medical Repository, a journal devoted to the general progress of science. See ref. (50) and (54). 

K, J. Morgan, and F. J. Chloupek Structural effects in solvolytic reactions. I. The role of equilibrating cations in carbonium ion chemistry. Nature of the intermediates involved in the solvolysis of symmetrically substituted 3-phcnylethyl derivatives. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 87, 2137 (1965). 

Ci chemistry can no longer be equated only with syngas chemistry. Nature s own C02 photosynthesis and bacterial methane conversion are also Ci conversion processes. We are far from approaching these processes for practical synthetic use efficiently. Production of methane from carbon dioxide (similarly to carbon monoxide) and hydrogen is a feasible process (methanation).80 Similarly, reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen to methyl alcohol81 can be readily carried out, and the method has been industrially developed ... 

Under his father s tutelage until age 16, Sadi entered the Ecole Polytechnique (which his father had helped to found) to pursue a career in military engineering. However, the continued political turmoil, including his father s exile after the Battle of Waterloo, brought considerable disappointment and frustration to the self-effacing young military officer. He thereupon took retirement from active military service in 1818 to pursue personal studies in Paris, with roommate Hippolyte. Sadi s broad interests in mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural history, literature, music, and athletics were combined with... 

Milstein, C. and Cuello, A C (1983) Hybrid hybridomas and their use in lmmuno-chemistry. Nature 305, 537-540. 

Equations 27 and 28 permit a simple comparison to be made between the actual composition of a chemical system in a given state (degree of advancement) and the composition at the equilibrium state. If Q K, the affinity has a positive or negative value, indicating a thermodynamic tendency for spontaneous chemical reaction. Identifying conditions for spontaneous reaction and direction of a chemical reaction under given conditions is, of course, quite commonly applied to chemical thermodynamic principle (the inequality of the second law) in analytical chemistry, natural water chemistry, and chemical industry. Equality of Q and K indicates that the reaction is at chemical equilibrium. For each of several chemical reactions in a closed system there is a corresponding equilibrium constant, K, and reaction quotient, Q. The status of each of the independent reactions is subject to definition by Equations 26-28. 

In the first example the actual chemistry is identical an aldose-ketose interconversion. Note that the geometry of the alcohol on C-2 is identical. The second example has essentially the same chemistry. Logically, to do the same chemistry, nature could have stumbled upon the same mechanism twice. 

The importance and practicality of asymmetric synthesis as a tool to obtain enantiomerically pure or enriched compounds has been fully acknowledged to date by chemists in synthetic organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, agricultural chemistry, natural products chemistry, pharmaceutical industries, and agricultural industries. This prominence is due to the explosive development of newer and more efficient methods during the last decade. 

Stang, P. J., Olenyuk, B., Whiteford, J. A., Fechtenkotter, A., Self-assembly of nanoscale cuboctahedra by coordination chemistry. Nature 1999, 398, 796-799. 

Natural products have been identified as the active principle of herbs and extracts used in folk medicine [1], The importance of natural products in the pharmaceutical industry has continued to the present day and is reflected by the fact that close to half of the best selling pharmaceuticals are either natural products (e.g. cyclosporine, Taxol, FK 506) or derivatives thereof [3]. In high throughput screening processes performed by the pharmaceutical industry natural product extracts exhibit a hit rate which is estimated to be substantially higher than the hit rate of random libraries from combinatorial chemistry. Natural products such as epothilones, discodermolide or ecteinascidin are promising clinical candidates for future cancer treatment. 

Mineral Sensitized Chemistry - Natural Routes to Organic Synthesis... 

E.g., K.H. Meyer and H.F. Mark, Hochpo-lymere Chemie (Leipzig Akademische Ver-lagsgesellschaft, 1937) H.F. Mark, Aspects of high polymeric chemistry, Nature 142 (1938) 937-939 H.F. Mark and G. Stafford Whitby, "Introduction to Collected Papers of Wallace Hume Carothers , in H.F. Mark and G.S. Whitby (eds), Collected Papers of Wallace Hume Carothers on High Polymeric Substances, High Polymers (New York Interscience Publishers, 1940), VIII-X, on VIII. 

Canfield DE (1998) A new model of Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature 396 450-452 Canfield DE, Habicht KS, Thamdrup B (2000) The Archean sulfiir cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen. Science 288 658-661... 

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