Chemicals-related Literature

Chemicals-related literature with respect to value chain management has built up comprehensive knowledge and results in the area of production planning, scheduling and distribution as well as in procurement. Therefore, literature covers the following requirements... 

Concluding, chemical-related literature covers mainly parts of the distribution and production requirements. 

Table 17 Requirements coverage by chemical-related literature...

CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE Division of the Ameriean Chemieal Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus OH 43210, (614) 447-3731. Established 1907. Over 13 million abstracts of chemical related literature and patents, and over 16 million material records. Publishes numerous abstracts, current awareness bulletins, and registry handbooks. Most literature now also available on CD-ROMs and online through STN International, which has 200 databases available. Connected to international databases. 

Chemical Abstracts Service produces the world s largest and most comprehensive databases of chemical information. Principal databases, CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS (CA) and REGISTRY, include nearly 16 million abstracts of chemistry-related literature and patents and more than 30 million substance records respectively. 

The task of relating carbohydrate configurations to names requhes either a world-class memory or an easily recalled mnemonic. A mnemonic that serves us well here was popularized by the husband-wife tean of Louis F. Fieser and Mary Fieser of Harvard University in their- 1956 textbook. Organic Chemistry. As with many mnemonics, it s not clear- who actually invented it, and references to this particular- one appeared in the chemical education literature before publication of the Fiesers text. The mnemonic has two features (1) a system for setting down all the stereoisorneric D-aldohexoses in a logical order and (2) a way to assign the correct name to each one. 

Chemical-industry related literature addressing value chain management focuses on production and supply chain management as well as selectively procurement. Companies in the oil and chemical industries have been leaders for almost 50 years in the development and use of linear and mixed integer programming models to support decision-making at all levels of planning (Shapiro 2004). 

The accumulation of chemicals can also be expressed in terms of k s. Unfor-mnately, kuS are expressed in several different ways, contributing to uncertainty in data comparability. The symbol ku was initially used in the SPMD related literature as a parameter that describes the equilibration rate constant (Huckins et al., 1993), whereas in later work, the symbol ke was adopted for this parameter (Booij et al., 1998 Huckins et al., 1999). Depending on whether contaminant concentrations in SPMDs are expressed on a mass or a volume basis, kuS may have units of or mL mL d (i.e., d ) or mL g d f These different unit-forms of ku are interrelated by... 

The a- and /8-globulins of the plasma also form an important group of binding proteins and a number of them have been isolated and found to have a high affinity, but relatively low capacity, for a variety of endogenous and chemically related synthetic compounds. Westphal (W7) has reviewed the extensive literature on the interaction of corticosteroids... 

Tellurium forms inorganic compounds very similar to those of sulfur and selenium. The most important tellurium compounds are the tellurides, halides, oxides, and oxyacids (5). Techniques and methods of preparation are given in the literature (51,52). The chemical relations of tellurium compounds are illustrated in Figure 2 (53). 

Spom, Roberts and Goodman81 have recently provided a broad overview of the field of the retinoids, based on the IUPAC-IUB Joint commission definition that Retinoids are a class of compounds consisting of four isoprenoid units joined in a head-to-tail manner. (The work was updated in 1994) Whereas there is only a handful of naturally occurring retinoids using this definition, more than a thousand man-made retinoids are known. The IUPAC-IUB bulletin recommended that the term, retinal, not be used as a chemical designation but be reserved as an adjective referring to the retina. They suggested that retinaldehyde be used instead in scientific literature as the name of chemical related to vision. 

Some infrared spectra of chemicals related to the CWC can be found in open literature. The largest collection of spectra can be found in two of the so-called Blue Books of the Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN) published in 1977 and 1982 <16 17). Also, Blue Books describing the results of international interlaboratory comparison tests contain some example spectra (18 22). Shagidullin et al. (23) have published an IR atlas of organophosphorus... 

In the analysis of chemicals related to the CWC, spectral interpretation is not done with only one technique. Often MS or NMR spectra are used together with IR spectra in the elucidation of the structure of an unknown chemical. There are some examples of this type of elucidation available in the literature (5-25-26-51). 

The Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index, commonly referred to as CASSI, gives details of the journals and related literature cited in Chemical Abstracts since 1907. In addition, CASSI contains entries for those publications covered by Chemische Zentralblatt and its predecessors from 1830-1969 and the publications cited by Beilstein prior to 1907. The most recent printed cumulative edition of CASSI spanned the period 1907-2004. Printed supplements to CASSI were published quarterly from 2005 to 2009. The fourth quarterly supplement each year cumulated and replaced the preceding three supplements, and was effectively an annual update. Publication of the printed edition of CASSI ceased in 2009, but CASSI remains available and updated in a searchable CD-ROM format (CASSI on CD, first produced in the 1990s). 

Our results and related literature data (7) clearly show that the P=E double bond in two-coordinate phosphines undergoes facile addition of polar reagents to give three-coordinate P derivatives. It is also well known that the three-coordinate pin center is relatively nucleophilic and that, in molecules containing an electrophilic site, further chemical transformations are usually observed. Thus, in certain reactions of the two-coordinate phosphines, it is possible to find both types of reactions electrophilic addition to the P=E bond, followed by nucleophilic attack by the three-coordinate P atom on an internal electrophilic center. For example, in the enol form of a ketone, the O-H moiety is capable of undergoing addition to the P=E double bond of the two-coordinate phosphines. Acetylacetone and related reagents react rapidly with the phosphinimine at low temperature (ca. -50 C) and with the (methylene)phosphine at 0 °C to give the new 2,3-dihydro-... 

Classical chemistry literature provides comprehensive lists of rate data that can also be applied for predicting abiotic reaction rates of environmental importance when the pathways are well identified. For some reactions, such as hydrolysis or OH radical reactions, enough data are available to determine siructure-reactivity correlations that enable one to interpolate within series of chemically related compounds of known reactivity [for review, see Brezonik (Chapter 4, this volume) and Lyman et al. (1982)]. The aquatic chemist is, however, more often confronted with the fact that many classical studies have been performed in organic solvents, but that the speciation of many dissolved chemicals in aquatic systems may vary with pH (caboxylic acids, phenols, etc.) and with ligand concentrations (e.g., all dissolved heavy metal species) or that the chemical species may be adsorbed on surfaces or absorbed by colloidal organic materials. In all these cases, reaction-rate constants must be determined for each individual aqueous species contributing to the overall kinetics. The equilibrium distribution of these species must also be accounted for. Reductions of the... 

FIGURE 6.6 Toxicology workflow. An analysis of steatosis (a pathological process) is performed by searching for compounds and proteins involved in steatosis-related literature. The compounds identified are subsequently analyzed for common substructures to evaluate any links between steatosis and specific chemical substructures. A parallel workflow identifies proteins and their associated pathways through statistical overrepresentation in association with steatosis. Courtesy of InforSense. 

Some misconceptions related to acids and bases are found in the chemical education literature. Examples of more misconceptions appear in the research done by Sebastian Musli [4]. He developed a questionnaire and gave it to about 100 students at the Secondary Level II of German academic high schools [4], Unusual and interesting statements from students have been quoted relating to acids, specifically on the differences between pure acids and acidic solutions, on neutralization, and on differences between strong and weak acids. 

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