Some Misconceptions

At the various stages of fuel cell development, some misconceptions became apparent, consisting of an incorrect view or understanding of certain aspects of 

At this point we have reviewed the achievements in fuel ceU development and pointed out that driven by the balance between reqnirements and performance, fuel cells are bound to find interesting uses in large numbers. We have also taken a more sober look at the ups and downs, the hopes and disiUusionments. We now wish to reassure and position ourselves by a look at nature. 

It is remarkable that the analogy is not merely superficial. In fact, physiological processes taking place in the human body, including metabolism, are often of an electrochemical nature and reminiscent of the processes taking place in fuel cells. 

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Chapter 1 defines QRA, discusses its essential elements, and dispels some misconceptions. Chapter 2 outlines considerations for deciding when to apply QRA. It presents some reasons for performing QRA and describes the types of information available from such studies. This chapter also describes practical situations in which QRA may be used successfully, as well as conditions that make QRA a less desirable choice. 

Karassik, 1., Fact or Fiction Some Misconceptions About Desirable Construction Features of Centrifugal Pumps, Chemical Processing Mid-March 1989. 

B. Luais, and V. Salters provided data that could be used as a support to some exercises. Finally, many other colleagues helped me find cases, examples, methods, and references, not to forget those who straightened up some misconceptions, through informal discussions. At high risk of being disloyal, I will mention P. Alle,... 

R. DiFoggio, Examination of some misconceptions abont near-infrared analysis, Appl. Spectrosc., 49, Cl (1995). 

The problems surrounding Hamilton s test (vide supra), as well as some misconceptions and misuses encountered in the literature, led Rogers to propose an alternative and more reliable method for determining the absolute structure58. A factor >7 is introduced which multiplies the imaginary component Aff of the anomalous scattering terms of the atomic scattering factors of all atoms (equation 11, which replaces equation 9, see Section 4.2.2,1.1), and which is treated as a variable in the least-squares refinement. 

DiFoggio, R., Examination of some misconceptions about near-infrared analysis. Applied Spectroscopy 1995, 49 (1), 67-75. 

Historically the first X-ray structure [43-45] to undergo exciton analysis was that of the water-soluble BChl a-protein from the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. The analysis [16] raised questions, and controversies, that remain unresolved after a decade. It is reviewed again here to emphasize these difficulties, to correct some misconceptions in the literature [4,46,47] regarding possible sources of the difficulties, and to discuss more recent developments. Exciton analysis of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes is iipt likely to become a truly useful procedure until it produces results that agree with all relevant spectra of this particular complex. 

Niu Y. (1999) Comments on some misconceptions in igneous and experimental petrology and methodology a reply. J. Petrol. 40, 1195-1203. 

The truth is that some fruits proposed as super really aren t, and no claims about antioxidant health benefits from fruits are actually established by science or allowed by regulatory authorities. I m going to expose some misconceptions about this expanding category of superfoods and give you a list of twenty fruits that are actually super based on nutritional facts and scientific criteria. I ll share with you how these twenty superfruits can be easily added to your diet, not just because they are delicious, but also for their nutrient properties—scientifically proved to have the potential for lowering your risk of contracting major diseases. 

Misunderstandings between the analyst and the researcher (or student or client) can easily remain undetected unless both are willing to talk to each other. The analyst can expect that a non-analyst will have some misconceptions about analytical work. Though exactly what the misconceptions are may be quite unpredictable. So the onus is on the analyst to find out as closely as possible what the student, client or researcher really wants. 

Every chapter related to the basic concepts starts with a Concept Cartoon [16] four students explain a special phenomenon from their view and present the correct answer and some misconceptions of the involved subject [16], These cartoons summarize the most important misconceptions for the reader they are also helpful in class to start the discussion about students ideas. The students may find their own ideas among the cartoons or will get to know which other ideas are possible. In every case they can discuss ideas and misconceptions by asking the question what do you think - and may find the scientific answer, with the help of their teacher or on their own. It is even possible to use the cartoons for assessment [16],... 

Some misconceptions related to acids and bases are found in the chemical education literature. Examples of more misconceptions appear in the research done by Sebastian Musli [4]. He developed a questionnaire and gave it to about 100 students at the Secondary Level II of German academic high schools [4], Unusual and interesting statements from students have been quoted relating to acids, specifically on the differences between pure acids and acidic solutions, on neutralization, and on differences between strong and weak acids. 

Few exponents of the art of enzymic analysis of polysaccharide structure would claim that it replaces the classical, nonenzymic methods. One of the purposes of this article is to illustrate how the two types of method, enzymic and nonenzymic, may usefully complement each other. This result may be achieved in several ways. In its simplest form, it merely involves nonenzymic characterization of products of enzymic hydrolysis or, more commonly, characterization, by simple enzymic procedures, of products of low molecular weight that have been obtained by nonenzymic methods. In their most sophisticated form, enzymic methods alone are used for analysis of fine structure after a nonenzymic determination of the gross structural features of a polysaccharide has been made. Another variation is the consecutive use of enzymic and nonenzjonic treatments at the polysaccharide level for example, enzymic degradation after periodate oxidation, or after mild hydrolysis with acid to remove labile residues. Examples of all of these types of application will be considered. Contrary to some misconceptions, enzymic analysis does not result solely in qualitative information instead, the most important uses of enzymes... 

Historically the underestimation of the role and magnitude of the self-cooling effect in kinetic studies of thermal decomposition has turned out to be one of the most important reasons which hindered interpretation of the T-S effect and, to some extent, the compensation effect, and promoted some misconceptions [19, 26-28], based on the confidence in infallibility of the second-law method in determination of thermochemical parameters (the enthalpy and entropy for decomposition reactions). 

Equation 31 illnstrates some misconceptions. Use of molar flowrate, mass flowrate or ideal gas flowrate is actually simpler than using real gas flowrate to calculate ii. An objection might be that flowmeters, notably orifices, produce i, This is trae, but with exactly the same information it is possible to calculate n, m or v with slightly less uncertainty. In the case of n and , it is not even necessary to establish a base pressure because Bn and Hm are independent of pressure while hv is not. 

We have also taken this opportunity to correct some misconceptions concerning the question of how to test the quantitative nature of NN potentials. Of particular importance is predictions by pp potentials must only be compared with pp data, while predictions by np potentials must only be compared with np data. Following this rule, the /datum for the fit of the relevant world NN data (as obtained by independent researchers in the field [25]) comes out to be 5.1, 3.7, and 1.9 for the Nijmegen [13], Paris [14], and Bonn [15] potential, respectively (cf. Table 1). 

A popular and conceptually attractive way to analyze the interactions that lead to noncovalent interactions is to subtract the unperturbed electron densities of the individual molecules that make up the complex from that of the complex itself. The idea behind this technique is that the difference density encodes the interactions that lead to complex formation. This simple idea, however, can lead to some misconceptions and erroneous interpretations of the data. 

Two factors that currently contribute to low consuin acceptance of irradiated food are continuing misconc tioiis about the effects of radiation on food and the low avaUabil-ity of irradiated foods for sale. Some misconceptions that are difficult to eliminate despite reassuring results from... 

This scheme is actually much more comphcated than the scientific model of silver ions sticking to chloride ions because of their opposite charges (Figure 4.7) and illustrates just how tenacious some misconceptions can be once they have a hold of a student s imagination. You can download a diagnostic task to identify common alternative conceptions students may hold about how bonds form in a precipitation reaction ( Reaction to form silver chloride ) from the Royal Society of Chemistry website (see the Other resources section at the end of this chapter). 

Rosenberg, J. (1997). Some misconceptions about lines of code. Proceedings of the Fourth International Software Metrics Symposium (METRICS 97), 137-142. 

In Sections 4.6 and 4.7 we explained how the total currents of a finite array could be decomposed. Although the concept actually was quite simple, it often leads to some misconceptions. Some of these will be illustrated in Fig. 4.36 and discussed in the following. 

There is a simple sa)dng, You cannot inspect quality into a product , which is in fact a half-truth that causes some misconceptions. The intent of the saying is that the quality of a product is primarily a result of the production process. There are several ways that inspection augments quality or, conversely, that inadequate inspection leads to quality deterioration. 

Wilkins, M.H.F., Amott, S., Marvin, D.A., Hamilton, L.D. Some misconceptions on Fourier analysis and Watson-Crick base pairing. Science 167, 1693-1694(1970)... 

There is some misconception about the word memory. Memory is commonly blamed for all battery failures known to man. Originally, the word memory was derived from cyclic memory, meaning that a NiCd battery can remember how much discharge was required on previous discharges. Improvements in battery technology have virtually eliminated this phenomenon. 

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