Chemicals pest treatment

Chemical control treatment should be apphed after building hours with the exception of emergency situations. All contract personnel will be required to possess a valid pest-control applicators license, and such license must be on file in the building management office. 

Behavioral and Hormonal Chemicals. Sex pheromones, which attract pests to traps, are used effectively to control some insect pests, like the grape berry moth (46) and cabbage looper. With other Insect pests, sex pheromones have been effectively used to monitor the size of pest insect populations to determine when pesticide treatments should be made. 

The production of livestock and livestock products has been greatly increased through the effective application of agricultural chemicals, as evidenced in the control of insects and diseases on and around dairy cattle, which has resulted in many instances of increased milk production ranging between 15 and 20%. It has been reliably estimated that the treatment of beef cattle for insect pests has resulted in additional gains of 50 pounds per head of beef animals treated. The dollar value of these increases in both beef and milk has been estimated at 54,000,000 per year. 

Measures taken to control sources of larval emergence of sanitary pests are limited, and excessive treatments frequently induce the development of resistance in disease-transmitting insects. On the other hand, control measures by individuals are becoming a trend. For example, patients with malaria have decreased by the popularization of Olyset mosquito nets, which were developed by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. to deal with noctumally-active blood-sucking anopheles. 

Pyrethroids are a class of synthetic chemicals that are similar in structure to natural pyrethrins. They have been used in field crops and urban pest management for nearly 30 years, and within the last 5 to 10 years new products have been registered for specific use against stored-product insects. Resmethrin is labeled for use as an aerosol in food plants, mills, and warehouse facilities, but could have potential side effects such as discoloration of surfaces and odor contamination and may be more appropriate for use in empty facilities. Labels generally state to cover any food prior to application. The pyrethroids esfenvalerate (Conquer) and prallethrin (Etoc) are also labeled for use in some situations as an aerosol space treatment in... 

Although chemicals are now used extensively in the control of rice pests, the demand for chemicals in this field is expected to be much greater in the future. Many chemicals now available have not been tested in countries where severe losses occur. In the developmental field, more satisfactory herbicides are needed for the control of broad-leaf weeds and grasses, better fungicides are needed to supplement breeding work for the control of foliar rice diseases more effective seed-treatment chemicals are needed for rice sown in water and satisfactory chemical repellants are needed to prevent losses from bird pests on maturing rice. 

There is evidence, moreover, that higher population densities and increased survival of some insect pests follow chemical treatments designed to control them. This is because such treatments result in the destruction of predator insects that naturally control pest populations. Killing the predators only increases the needs for future insecticide treatments. ... 

Pheromone Purity. An intriguing challenge concerns chemical purity of disruptant formulations. For disruption purposes, is it necessary to treat with the precise blend of pheromone iscmers and secondary components or is only the major pheromone chemical necessary The answer to this question could be different for different pests, but in most cases it could influence treatment costs. Our experience with the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis. Freeman, suggests that only the major component of that pheromone is necessary for disruption. Conversely, some recent work on an orchard pest (9) indicates that a complete pheromone-blend disruption treatment is more effective. 

Grown as a mono-crop, without the benefit of crop rotations, vines strip the soil of the same nutrients every year. Diseases, weeds and pests that affect the vine are allowed to become entrenched in the area. Vines become locked into the cycle of chemical treatments and feeding as the soil continues to be broken down. Because the soil is depleted, the vines become malnourished. Chemical fertilisers are then necessary, but instead of feeding the soil, the chemical fertilisers (which are soluble salts) do not enrich the soil, but directly feed the plant. The vines then live in the earth, but no longer take sustenance from it. 

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