Applications for pest control

The means of introducing pesticides into our environment may be divided into two broad categories intentional application for pest control as contrasted with the unintentional, or accidental, contamination that often occurs. Table III lists some of these sources. 

Stadler, E., Attractants, arrestants, feeding, and oviposition stimulants in insect-plant relationships Applications for pest control, in Natural Products for Innovative Pest Management (D. L. Whitehead and W. S. Bowers, eds.), 243-258, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983. 

Basically growth hormones alter the normal growth of some insect species. The juvenile growth hormone worked effectively to kill some insects in the laboratory, but when applied in the field for pest control, the hormone was not effective. Its problems centered on its high cost, rapid rate of breakdown after application, and its broad spectrum effects. For example, the hormone was found to kill beneficial species as well as pest species, much like insecticides. Thus far, it has not proven to be a useful technology for pest control (42). 

Dicke, M., Sabelis, M. W., Takabayashi, J., Bruin, J. and Posthumus, M. A. (1990a). Plant strategies of manipulating predator-prey interactions through allelochemicals prospects for application in pest-control. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 3091-3118. 

The proper choice and application of an insecticide for pest control are predicated upon factors, eg, the life history and ecology of the pest, the relation of pest population to economic damage, the effect of the insecticide on the pest or its plant or animal host, related organisms in the ecosystem, and proper riming of the application to prevent illegal residues at harvest and to avoid damaging of bees and other pollinating insects. 

They may be a source of structures for screening. They may possess activity that is applicable to pest control directly or after structural modification of the original structure. Finally, the recognition of their function in nature may suggest new approaches to pest control. However, their practical application may be limited by economics. Resistant plants are important in managing insect pests and their resistance may arise from many factors. Some plants contain insecticidal principles that may be exploited. Compounds that modify Insect behaviour are not directly lethal, but may be valuable in pest control. However, their efficacy may be difficult and costly to determine. 

NLD 14 Aug 2001 The chemical is banned. The authorization for the application of bifenthrin as a pesticide was cancelled. All agricultural applications are prohibited. Bifenthrin is allowed as a biocide under certain restrictions for pest control. (Reference (EP3) UNEP/FAO - PIC Circulars XIV, XV, XVI, XVII - 12/2001, 6/2002, 12/2002,6/2003, )... 

Pheromone science is one of the new fields of science, whose development in the late 20th century was remarkable. Once chemists knew that the communications among a variety of organisms depend on chemical substances termed pheromones, they isolated, identified and synthesized hundreds of pheromones to use them practically for pest control. In this 21st century, practical application of pheromone science in bioindustries is being actively pursued all over the world. My synthetic works have been focused on this branch of science for almost 40 years. This chapter summarizes my works in pheromone science. 

Finally, while alternative and complementary methods for pest control offer benefits under certain circumstances, they do not offer a panacea, and will not, in all probability, lead to a utopian, pesticide-free agriculture system. The best means of achieving optimisation in pesticide use and/or minimisation in chemical applications is the adoption of pragmatic approach based on a sound understanding of the chemistry, physics, biology and engineering involved in effective pest control. 

Direct application for pest and disease vector control ... 

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