Aluminized formulation

The three propellants listed in Table I have been tested in the cured state and classed propellant explosive (solid) Class B by the Interstate Commerce Commission (6). The aluminized formulation, Arcite 373D, gave the same test results when uncured. In addition, Arcite 373D and Arcite 386, both cured and uncured, tested zero cards in the standard Naval Ordanance Laboratory card-gap test (I, 2). 

Table 4.13 summarizes the calculated propulsion parameters for aluminized formulations in which the Al content has been varied in order to achieve an oxygen balance that is close to zero (with respect to C02, see eq. 2). Table 4.13 contains the corresponding values for a AP /Al formulation for comparison as well. Finally, Table 4.14 shows the calculated specific impulses for equilibrium expansion for the three optimized formulations (covalent 02N—02C—C02—N02 /Al, ionic [N0]2[02C C02] /Al and AP /Al). The results of Table 4.14 are graphically summarized in Figure 4.6. 

Binary explosives are used primarily where only limited quantities are required or when a need for explosives cannot be anticipated. Because they are not considered as explosives until mixed, they can be safely stored and transported. A liquid-liquid type, PLX, was developed for minefield clearing and is composed of nitromethane sensitized with ethylene diamine. Commercial binary explosive products include Astrolite, based on hydrazine and NH4NO3. Astrolite was offered in both aluminized and non-aluminized formulations, the former advertised as the most powerful chemical explosive available. A more widely sold binary, Kinestik, combines finely pulverized NH4NO3 and nitromethane. This combination, offered by several vendors, is the only binary explosive currently available commercially. To ensure complete migration of the liquid into the solid phase, a dye is added to the liquid. When the intact mixed explosive is examined, dye can be extracted from the solid with acetone, examined by TLC or GC-MS, and compared to the dye used by producers of the product. Identification of the NH4NO3 is straightforward and nitromethane can be identified by low-temperature GC. 

Nitrobaronit. An early type of aluminized expl. Two formulations which were tested by the Commission des Substances Explosif are shown below ... 

Liner Formulations For. Polybutadiene Propellants Used In Small Rocket Applications , Report No DREU T.N. 1825/69, (Can) (1969) 7) A.K. Roberts, Preliminary Data On Unstable Combustion In Aluminized Polybutadiene Rocket Motors , Rept No DREU T.N. 1824/69 ... 

It is not known whether these will function as catalysts for aluminized double-base formulations as most of the lead salts do not when aluminum is introduced... 

Boiler compound formulations containing aluminate, silicate, and carbonate ingredients have commonly utilized various ratios of some or all of these constituents, together with caustic soda (for alkalinity control), sodium nitrate or sulfate (to prevent caustic embrittlement), sodium lig-nosulfonate (sludge conditioner), and other compounds. 

Alkali/polymer-based multifunctional formulation 460 Alkaline aluminate and silicate-based boiler... 

Materials formed by acid-base reactions between calcium aluminate compounds and phosphate-containing solutions yield high-strength, low-permeability, C02-resistant cements when cured in hydrothermal environments. The addition of hollow aluminosilicate microspheres to the uncured matrix constituents yields slurries with densities as low as approximately 1200 kg/m, which cure to produce materials with properties meeting the criteria for well cementing. These formulations also exhibit low rates of carbona-tion. The cementing formulations are pumpable at temperatures up to 150° C. 

Thus, AP is a valuable oxidizer for formulating smokeless propellants or smokeless gas generators. However, since the combustion products of AP composite propellants contain a relatively high concentration of hydrogen chloride (HCI), white smoke is generated when they are expelled from an exhaust nozzle into a humid atmosphere. When the HCI molecules diffuse into the air and collide with H2O molecules therein, an acid mist is formed which gives rise to visible white smoke. Typical examples are AP composite propellants used in rocket motors. Based on experimental observations, white smoke is formed when the relative humidity exceeds about 40 %. Thus, AP composite propellants without any metal particles are termed reduced-smoke propellants. On the other hand, a white smoke trail is always seen from the exhaust of a rocket projectile assisted by an aluminized AP composite propellant under any atmospheric conditions. Thus, aluminized AP composite propellants are termed smoke propellants. 

Explosifs 6 I aluminium. Fr for Aluminized Explosives. Several Fr formulations are listed in Vol I of Encycl under ALUMINUM CONTAINING EXPLOSIVES, on p A146-L. Examination in 1902 by CSE (Commission des Substances Explosives) showed that some of these exp Is, as, for example, Formula. 226 (p A146 L)> were more powerful than PA (Picric Acid). More recently (1948 1950), Medard (p A148-L) determined the properties of die following Fr aluminized explosives ... 

Blast type warhead (with Dentex and aluminized explosive formulations) -used for damaging soft and semi-hard targets. 

Table 3.3 Some aluminized explosive formulations and their density and velocity of detonation .

Similar to the effects of Alex addition in pyrotechnics and solid propellants, replacement of conventional micron-sized A1 powder by nanosized A1 powder (Alex) increases the detonation velocities and heats of detonation of TNT/A1 formulations. The increase of VOD is more pronounced in small diameter charges, close to the critical diameter. On the contrary, n-Al powder does not increase the VOD of aluminized PBXs based on inert binders. It is very interesting to observe that the VOD of PBXs based on an energetic binder decreases on substitution of micron-sized A1 by Alex [119, 120]. Reshetov and his coworkers [121] reported in the early 1980s that the addition of Alex enhanced VOD of RDX. More recently, an increase in both VOD as well as brisance was demonstrated for a number of TNT-based tritonal and H-6 formulations containing Alex. The improvements in VOD -200-300ms1 and brisance up to 27% were observed in a number of tritonal charges on replacement of conventional or micron-sized A1 by Alex [122]. 

The persistent pyrethroids such as permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenvalerate are effective mothproofing agents when applied as spot treatments from ready to use (RTU) formulations. Sodium fluosilicate [16893-85-9] is an effective mothproofing agent used at 0.5 to 0.7% in water solution with 0.3% potassium aluminate and 0.03% oxalic acid, and applied to fabrics by spraying or dipping. It is not removed by dry cleaning. 

Other types of admixtures used with calcium aluminate cements include water reducers and superplasticizers (Section 11.4), which also act as retarders, and thickening agents, such as carboxymethylcellulose. Complex formulations may be used for special purposes for example, a ready-mix mortar for high-performance road repair might contain 55% Ciment Fondu and 45% sand, with glass fibre, aluminium powder, Li2C03, sodium gluconate and methyl ethyl cellulose (M93). 

---